Ordinary least square estimates (95% confidence intervals) of multiple liner regression models of the dependent variable “Immunization status” with household fixed effects.

1<p>Mean Birth order (1992–93) = 3.03; mean birth order (2005–06) = 2.78.</p>2<p>Mean age (1992–93) = 29.16 months; mean age (2005–06) = 35.58 months.</p

Correction: Gender Based Within-Household Inequality in Childhood Immunization in India: Changes over Time and across Regions

<p>Correction: Gender Based Within-Household Inequality in Childhood Immunization in India: Changes over Time and across Regions</p

Gender based within-household inequality in immunization status: All India and regions (1992–93 and 2005–06)¹.

1<p>Based on Mean Log Deviation estimates.</p>2<p>Total stands for total inequality.</p>3<p>WH stands for within (intra) – household inequality. It is nothing but the absolute level of gender based within-household inequality (GWHI).</p>4<p>BH stands for between (inter) – household inequality.</p>a<p>Inequality has been estimated on Immunization status corrected for age and birth order of children. That is, the residuals from the following regression (1992–93):Since the residuals are centered around zero, they have been added a constant (3.0933) in order to match the actual series. The corrected immunization scores are always greater than zero.</p>b<p>Inequality has been estimated on Immunization status corrected for age and birth order of children. That is, the residuals from the following regression (2005–06):Since the residuals are centered around zero, they have been added a constant (3.3806) in order to match the actual series. The corrected immunization scores are always greater than zero.</p

Mean immunization status in the sample by gender and regions, 1992–2006¹.

1<p>Sample size in parenthesis.</p

Liver segmentation from registered multiphase CT data sets with EM clustering and GVF level set

In this study, clinically produced multiphase CT volumetric data sets (pre-contrast, arterial and venous enhanced phase) are drawn upon to transcend the intrinsic limitations of single phase data sets for the robust and accurate segmentation of the liver in typically challenging cases. As an initial step, all other phase volumes are registered to either the arterial or venous phase volume by a symmetric nonlinear registration method using mutual information as similarity metric. Once registered, the multiphase CT volumes are pre-filtered to prepare for subsequent steps. Under the assumption that the intensity vectors of different organs follow the Gaussian Mixture model (GMM), expectation maximization (EM) is then used to classify the multiphase voxels into different clusters. The clusters for liver parenchyma, vessels and tumors are combined together and provide the initial liver mask that is used to generate initial zeros level set. Conversely, the voxels classified as non-liver will guide the speed image of the level sets in order to reduce leakage. Geodesic active contour level set using the gradient vector flow (GVF) derived from one of the enhanced phase volumes is then performed to further evolve the liver segmentation mask. Using EM clusters as the reference, the resulting liver mask is finally morphologically post-processed to add missing clusters and reduce leakage. The proposed method has been tested on the clinical data sets of ten patients with relatively complex and/or extensive liver cancer or metastases. A 95.8 dice similarity index when compared to expert manual segmentation demonstrates the high performance and the robustness of our proposed method - even for challenging cancer data sets - and confirms the potential of a more thorough computational exploitation of currently available clinical data sets. © 2010 Copyright SPIE - The International Society for Optical Engineering.</p

Isobaric Phase Equilibrium of <i>tert</i>-Butyl Alcohol + Glycerol at Local and Subatmospheric Pressures, Volumetric Properties, and Molar Refractivity from 303.15 to 333.15 K of <i>tert</i>-Butyl Alcohol + Glycerol, <i>tert</i>-Butyl Alcohol + Water, and Water + Glycerol Binary Systems

Isobaric vapor–liquid equilibrium for the binary system of <i>tert</i>-butyl alcohol (TBA) + glycerol were obtained at local atmospheric pressure of 95.9 kPa and subatmospheric pressures of 66.6 and 79.9 kPa over the entire composition range using a modified Othmer-type ebulliometer. Wilson and NRTL models were used for correlating the experimental data. The results suggest that the NRTL model represented the experimental data better with lower RMSD and AAD values. Furthermore, at local atmospheric pressure of 95.9 kPa, the densities and refractive indices for the three binary systems TBA + glycerol, TBA + water, and water + glycerol involved in the dehydration of TBA by extractive distillation were measured over the entire composition range from 303.15 to 333.15 K. The volumetric properties in terms of excess molar volume, partial molar volume, and isobaric thermal expansivities as well as molar refractivity were evaluated and analyzed for the three different binary systems. A Redlich–Kister polynomial was used to the fit the excess molar volume and deviations in molar refractivity. Different empirical mixing relations were also investigated for predicting the refractive indices of the three binary mixtures and are reported in terms of their average percentage deviation

Per capita annual expenditure on health (PPP international $), 1995–2011 (Based on data from WHO 2014).

<p>Per capita annual expenditure on health (PPP international $), 1995–2011 (Based on data from WHO 2014).</p

Out-of-pocket health expenditure as a percentage of total expenditure on health, 1995–2011 (Based on data from WHO 2014).

<p>Out-of-pocket health expenditure as a percentage of total expenditure on health, 1995–2011 (Based on data from WHO 2014).</p

Government expenditure as a percentage of total expenditure on health, 1995–2011 (Based on data from WHO 2014).

<p>Government expenditure as a percentage of total expenditure on health, 1995–2011 (Based on data from WHO 2014).</p

IL-4 Haplotype -590T, -34T and Intron-3 VNTR R2 Is Associated with Reduced Malaria Risk among Ancestral Indian Tribal Populations

<div><h3>Background</h3><p>Interleukin 4 (IL-4) is an anti-inflammatory cytokine, which regulates balance between T_H1 and T_H2 immune response, immunoglobulin class switching and humoral immunity. Polymorphisms in this gene have been reported to affect the risk of infectious and autoimmune diseases.</p> <h3>Methods</h3><p>We have analyzed three regulatory <em>IL-4</em> polymorphisms; -590C>T, -34C>T and 70 bp intron-3 VNTR, in 4216 individuals; including: (1) 430 ethnically matched case-control groups (173 severe malaria, 101 mild malaria and 156 asymptomatic); (2) 3452 individuals from 76 linguistically and geographically distinct endogamous populations of India, and (3) 334 individuals with different ancestry from outside India (84 Brazilian, 104 Syrian, and 146 Vietnamese).</p> <h3>Results</h3><p>The <b><em>-</em></b>590T, <b><em>-</em></b>34T and intron-3 VNTR R2 alleles were found to be associated with reduced malaria risk (P<0.001 for <b><em>-</em></b>590C>T and <b><em>-</em></b>34C>T, and P = 0.003 for VNTR). These three alleles were in strong LD (r²>0.75) and the TTR2 (<b><em>-</em></b>590T, <b><em>-</em></b>34T and intron-3 VNTR R2) haplotype appeared to be a susceptibility factor for malaria (P = 0.009, OR = 0.552, 95% CI = 0.356 –0.854). Allele and genotype frequencies differ significantly between caste, nomadic, tribe and ancestral tribal populations (ATP). The distribution of protective haplotype TTR2 was found to be significant (χ²₃ = 182.95, p-value <0.001), which is highest in ATP (40.5%); intermediate in tribes (33%); and lowest in caste (17.8%) and nomadic (21.6%).</p> <h3>Conclusions</h3><p>Our study suggests that the <em>IL-4</em> polymorphisms regulate host susceptibility to malaria and disease progression. TTR2 haplotype, which gives protection against malaria, is high among ATPs. Since they inhabited in isolation and mainly practice hunter-gatherer lifestyles and exposed to various parasites, <em>IL-4</em> TTR2 haplotype might be under positive selection.</p> </div