Physical properties of cinnamon bark

Physical properties of cinnamon (Cinnamomum verum J.Pres) bark (var. Nityashree) were determined by dividing into three grades (I, II & III) according to their size at 10.15% (db) moisture content. The values of length, breadth and thickness for grade I were 48.38 mm, 7.34 mm and 1.37 mm; for grade II were 71.81 mm, 8.45 mm and 1.00 mm; for grade III were 104.95 mm, 8.15 mm and 0.98 mm, respectively. Unit volume and surface area for grade I were 214.80 mm3 and 159.68 mm2; for grade II were 364.92 mm3 and 226.33 mm2; for grade III were 409.85 mm3 and 242.85 mm2, respectively. Bulk density and true density for grade I were 144.56 kg m-3 and 177.60 kg m-3 for grade II were 148.44 kg m-3 and 186.87 kg m-3 for grade III were 132.08 kg m-3 and 202.91 kg m-3, respectively. Porosity, angle of repose for grade I was 14.20% and 40.69°; for grade II were 20.95% and 41.56°; for grade III were 37.72% and 42.30°, respectively. The coefficient of static friction with respect to different surfaces viz., plywood, galvanized iron and aluminum sheet for grade I were 0.86, 0.94 and 0.80; for grade II were 0.84, 0.89 and 0.79; for grade III were 0.80, 0.81 and 0.70, respectively. &nbsp

Physical properties of cinnamon bark

Physical properties of cinnamon (Cinnamomum verum J.Pres) bark (var. Nityashree) were determined by dividing into three grades (I, II & III) according to their size at 10.15% (db) moisture content. The values of length, breadth and thickness for grade I were 48.38 mm, 7.34 mm and 1.37 mm; for grade II were 71.81 mm, 8.45 mm and 1.00 mm; for grade III were 104.95 mm, 8.15 mm and 0.98 mm, respectively. Unit volume and surface area for grade I were 214.80 mm3 and 159.68 mm2; for grade II were 364.92 mm3 and 226.33 mm2; for grade III were 409.85 mm3 and 242.85 mm2, respectively. Bulk density and true density for grade I were 144.56 kg m-3 and 177.60 kg m-3 for grade II were 148.44 kg m-3 and 186.87 kg m-3 for grade III were 132.08 kg m-3 and 202.91 kg m-3, respectively. Porosity, angle of repose for grade I was 14.20% and 40.69°; for grade II were 20.95% and 41.56°; for grade III were 37.72% and 42.30°, respectively. The coefficient of static friction with respect to different surfaces viz., plywood, galvanized iron and aluminum sheet for grade I were 0.86, 0.94 and 0.80; for grade II were 0.84, 0.89 and 0.79; for grade III were 0.80, 0.81 and 0.70, respectively. &nbsp

Metabolic tumor parameters complement clinicopathological factors in prognosticating advanced stage Hodgkin Lymphoma

Objective(s): Advanced Hodgkin Lymphoma has a higher probability of relapse and recurrence. Classical clinicopathological parameters including the International Prognostic Score (IPS) have not been reliable in predicting prognosis or tailoring treatment.  Since FDG PET/CT is the standard of care in staging Hodgkin Lymphoma, this study attempted to evaluate the clinical utility of baseline metabolic tumor parameters in a cohort of advanced Hodgkin lymphoma (stage III and IV).Methods: Histology-proven advanced Hodgkin Patients presenting to our institute between 2012-2016 and treated with chemo-radiotherapy (ABVD / AEVD) were followed up till 2019. Quantitative PET/CT and clinicopathological parameters were used to estimate the Event Free Survival (EFS) in 100 patients. Kaplan-Meier method with log-rank test was used to compare the survival times of prognostic factors.Results: At a median follow-up of 48.83 months (IQR:33.31-63.05 months), the five-year-EFS was 81%. Of the 100 patients, 16 had relapsed (16%) and none died at the last follow-up. On Univariate analysis, among non-PET parameters bulky disease (P=0.03) and B-symptoms (P=0.04) were significant while among PET/CT parameters SUVmax (p=0.001), SUVmean (P=0.002), WBMTV2.5 (P<0.001), WBMTV41% (P<0.001), WBTLG2.5 (P<0.001) and WBTLG41% (P <0.001) predicted poorer EFS.  5-year EFS for patients with low WBMTV2.5 [<1038.3 cm3] was 89% and 35% for patients with high WBMTV2.5 [≥1038.3 cm3] (p <0.001). In a multivariate model, only WBMTV2.5 (P=0.03) independently predicted poorer EFS.Conclusion: PET-based metabolic parameter (WBMTV2.5) was able to prognosticate and complement the classical clinical prognostic factors in advanced Hodgkin Lymphoma. This parameter could have a surrogate value for prognosticating advanced Hodgkin lymphoma. Better prognostication at baseline translates to tailored or risk-modified treatment and hence higher survival

Kilonova Luminosity Function Constraints Based on Zwicky Transient Facility Searches for 13 Neutron Star Merger Triggers during O3

We present a systematic search for optical counterparts to 13 gravitational wave (GW) triggers involving at least one neutron star during LIGO/Virgo's third observing run (O3). We searched binary neutron star (BNS) and neutron star black hole (NSBH) merger localizations with the Zwicky Transient Facility (ZTF) and undertook follow-up with the Global Relay of Observatories Watching Transients Happen (GROWTH) collaboration. The GW triggers had a median localization area of 4480 deg², a median distance of 267 Mpc, and false-alarm rates ranging from 1.5 to 10⁻²⁵ yr⁻¹. The ZTF coverage in the g and r bands had a median enclosed probability of 39%, median depth of 20.8 mag, and median time lag between merger and the start of observations of 1.5 hr. The O3 follow-up by the GROWTH team comprised 340 UltraViolet/Optical/InfraRed (UVOIR) photometric points, 64 OIR spectra, and three radio images using 17 different telescopes. We find no promising kilonovae (radioactivity-powered counterparts), and we show how to convert the upper limits to constrain the underlying kilonova luminosity function. Initially, we assume that all GW triggers are bona fide astrophysical events regardless of false-alarm rate and that kilonovae accompanying BNS and NSBH mergers are drawn from a common population; later, we relax these assumptions. Assuming that all kilonovae are at least as luminous as the discovery magnitude of GW170817 (−16.1 mag), we calculate that our joint probability of detecting zero kilonovae is only 4.2%. If we assume that all kilonovae are brighter than −16.6 mag (the extrapolated peak magnitude of GW170817) and fade at a rate of 1 mag day⁻¹ (similar to GW170817), the joint probability of zero detections is 7%. If we separate the NSBH and BNS populations based on the online classifications, the joint probability of zero detections, assuming all kilonovae are brighter than −16.6 mag, is 9.7% for NSBH and 7.9% for BNS mergers. Moreover, no more than 10⁻⁴, or φ > 30° to be consistent with our limits. We look forward to searches in the fourth GW observing run; even 17 neutron star mergers with only 50% coverage to a depth of −16 mag would constrain the maximum fraction of bright kilonovae to <25%

Drying behaviour and engineering properties of Lima beans

In this present research communication, selected engineering properties of lima beans and drying behaviour of beans using different dryers were studied. The results for geometric mean diameter and sphericity were found as 8.82 and 0.66. Bulk, tap and true densities were found as 568.1 kg/m3,625.8 kg/m3 and 769 kg/m 3 respectively. Arithmetic mean diameter, equivalent mean diameter and square mean diameter values were found to be 4.84 mm, 24.89 mm and 8.08 mm. Values for static coefficient of friction was highest on plywood surface followed by mild sheet and stainless steel. Ash content, crude fat and fiber content was found as 3.85%, 20.11% and 4.23 for lima beans. The drying behaviour of beans at three temperatures 40 oC,60 oC and 80oC at constant air velocity of 3 m/s was investigation using tray, recirculatory tray and vacuum dryer. The effect of drying air temperature on drying time was significant and drying at 80oC in recirculatory dryer showed satisfactory results

Speed-Based Additive Manufacturing Technique - Discovery and Exploration of Design Potential of Speed of Deposition in Additive Manufacturing

Defense is held on 17.9.2021 12:00 – 14:00 Remote: https://aalto.zoom.us/j/61027806423This paper-based doctoral thesis is the result of a PhD research into generative design potential of certain fabrication parameters in Additive Manufacturing (AM). Advent and proliferation of Computer-Aided Manufacturing (CAM) in the field of architecture challenges the way buildings are designed and made. Like construction methods before CAM, large-scale concrete and metal 3D-printing will set limitations and opportunities for design, however, uniquely it will offer a chance for architects to radically expand the profession's domain. In digital fabrication, an architect has a capacity to participate in designing construction workflow. Predicated upon this context, the hypothesis is that manipulating machining parameters would inform various elements of an architectural object and that the value of such intervention would be in enhanced continuity of the design process and in emphasis on material aspects of architecture. The research questions are: what architectural implications are latent in AM fabrication parameters, such as speed of movement? How can such parameters be instrumentalized to produce specific effects? These questions are investigated through research by design methodology, with an aim to develop an essential structure for Speed-Based AM technique by determining most prominent relationships, causalities and dependencies within speed of deposition and between it and other elements of the production system. Speed-Based technique is an AM method devised by this research. It revolves around designing speed of deposition, defined as a term for how fast a printer moves and how much matter it deposits at a given location. The theoretical framework is formed by principles and concepts associated with loosely delineated digital craft movement in conjunction with research on AM technology. AM is an object of this investigation and the main tool for generating data while key concepts of digital craft guide all operations. Physical result of application of Speed-Based technique is a variety of undesignable textural artefacts. When restricted to the surface - their value is phenomenological; more targeted and substantial alterations of material deposition were experimented with as a tectonic device. The research contributes to the body of work, dedicated to adoption of AM in architectural practice by providing foundations for utilizing various printing parameters, in particular speed of movement to generative ends. Even though only small-scale models were produced, iterative experimentation with continuous growth of complexity allowed to generate sufficient amounts of objective data and tacit knowledge on main dependencies and causalities between elements of design and fabrication. That information was then synthesized into diagrams and fed into the design of the process model, which embodies Speed-Based technique. At the current stage, the research has produced merely a framework for the technique, open to future studies, which could focus on its practical applications or on developing it into a more objective, inductively scalable interpretation of practice

Influence of different moisture content on engineering properties of tamarind seeds

Engineering properties of tamarind seeds were evaluated on the basis of different moisture content along with whole and split seeds. Tamarind seeds at a moisture content (8.24% d.b.) were regulated at 5, 10 and 15 % db moisture content. Geometric mean diameter and sphericity values were in the range (8.79 to 9.87) and (0.62 to 0.70) for 5, 10 and 15% moisture content of tamarind seeds. The result of bulk and true density varied as 708 to 688 kg/m3 and 963 to768 kg/m3 ,respectively in the varying range of moisture content. Textural properties such as toughness and hardness showed an increasing trend with an increase in moisture content. The coefficient of static friction was found highest on a plywood surface, then for cast iron sheet and stainless steel. Engineering properties varied accordingly with moisture content, density values decreased, but geometrical frictional properties increased with the increasing moisture content

Speed of Deposition: Vehicle for structural and aesthetic expression in CAM

This paper presents intermediate results of an experimental research directed towards development of a method that uses additive manufacturing technology as a generative agent in architectural design process. The primary technique is to variate speed of material deposition of a 3D printer in order to produce undetermined textural effects. These effects demonstrate local variation of material distribution, which is treated as a consequence of interaction between machining parameters and material properties. Current stage of inquiry is concerned with studying the impact of these textural artefacts on structure. Experiments demonstrate that manipulating distribution of matter locally results in more optimal structural performance, it solves printability issues of overhanging geometry without the need for additional supports and provides variation to the surface. The research suggests aesthetic and structural benefits of applying the developed method for mass-customized fabrication. It questions the linear thinking that is predominant in the field of 3D printing and provides an approach that articulates interaction between digital and material logics as it directs the formation of an object that is informed by both.Peer reviewe