Physical properties of cinnamon (Cinnamomum verum J.Pres) bark (var. Nityashree) were determined by dividing into three grades (I, II &amp; III) according to their size at 10.15% (db) moisture content. The values of length, breadth and thickness for grade I were 48.38 mm, 7.34 mm and 1.37 mm; for grade II were 71.81 mm, 8.45 mm and 1.00 mm; for grade III were 104.95 mm, 8.15 mm and 0.98 mm, respectively. Unit volume and surface area for grade I were 214.80 mm3 and 159.68 mm2; for grade II were 364.92 mm3 and 226.33 mm2; for grade III were 409.85 mm3 and 242.85 mm2, respectively. Bulk density and true density for grade I were 144.56 kg m-3 and 177.60 kg m-3 for grade II were 148.44 kg m-3 and 186.87 kg m-3 for grade III were 132.08 kg m-3 and 202.91 kg m-3, respectively. Porosity, angle of repose for grade I was 14.20% and 40.69°; for grade II were 20.95% and 41.56°; for grade III were 37.72% and 42.30°, respectively. The coefficient of static friction with respect to different surfaces viz., plywood, galvanized iron and aluminum sheet for grade I were 0.86, 0.94 and 0.80; for grade II were 0.84, 0.89 and 0.79; for grade III were 0.80, 0.81 and 0.70, respectively.
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Ashish M Mohite, T John Zachariah, S Balasubramanian, K K Singh,

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161Cinnamon (Cinnamomum verum J. Pres) is oneof the important spices and bark is a economicpart. The knowledge of morphology and sizedistribution of bark is essential for design ofequipments for cleaning, grading, separationand also storage. The finest quality of bark isobtained from shoots with uniform browncolour and thin bark of 1.0–1.25 m length and1.25 cm diameter. The ideal time for cutting thestem is when the red flush of the young leavesturn to green, indicating the free flow of sapbetween bark and wood. Shoots ready forpeeling are removed from the stumps and theterminal ends of shoots are also removed.Published literature on the physical propertiesof the cinnamon bark is scanty. Hence, thisstudy was undertaken to establish a data baseon physical properties of cinnamon bark,which may be helpful in designing processingequipments.Cinnamon bark (var. Nityashree) was procuredfrom Indian Institute of Spice Research (IISR),Calicut, India. The bark was subjected toPhysical properties of cinnamon barkS Balasubramanian, K K Singh1, Ashish M Mohite & T John Zachariah2Central Institute of Post Harvest Engineering and Technology,Ludhiana–141 004, Punjab, India.E-mail: balaciphet@yahoo.comReceived 20 September 2011; Revised 01 February 2012; Accepted 14 February 20121Krishi Anusandhan Bhawan–II, New Delhi–110 012, India.2Indian Institute of Spices Research, Kozhikode–673 012, Kerala, India.AbstractPhysical properties of cinnamon (Cinnamomum verum J.Pres) bark (var. Nityashree) were determinedby dividing into three grades (I, II & III) according to their size at 10.15% (db) moisture content.The values of length, breadth and thickness for grade I were 48.38 mm, 7.34 mm and 1.37 mm; forgrade II were 71.81 mm, 8.45 mm and 1.00 mm; for grade III were 104.95 mm, 8.15 mm and 0.98mm, respectively. Unit volume and surface area for grade I were 214.80 mm3 and 159.68 mm2; forgrade II were 364.92 mm3 and 226.33 mm2; for grade III were 409.85 mm3 and 242.85 mm2, respectively.Bulk density and true density for grade I were 144.56 kg m-3 and 177.60 kg m-3 for grade II were148.44 kg m-3 and 186.87 kg m-3 for grade III were 132.08 kg m-3 and 202.91 kg m-3, respectively.Porosity, angle of repose for grade I was 14.20% and 40.69°; for grade II were 20.95% and 41.56°;for grade III were 37.72% and 42.30°, respectively. The coefficient of static friction with respect todifferent surfaces viz., plywood, galvanized iron and aluminum sheet for grade I were 0.86, 0.94and 0.80; for grade II were 0.84, 0.89 and 0.79; for grade III were 0.80, 0.81 and 0.70, respectively.Keywords: bulk density, cinnamon, physical properties, porosity, true densityJournal of Spices and Aromatic CropsVol. 21 (2) : 161–163 (2012)         Indian Society for Spiceswww.indianspicesociety.in/josac/index.php/josac162 Balasubramanian et al.manual cleaning and broken, foreign matterremoved, split and immature barks wereseparated from the sample. Moisture contentwas determined (10.15%, db) using standardhot air oven method at an air temperature of80±5°C. The axial dimensions were measuredusing digital vernier caliper (± 0.01 mm, LC) ofselected 100 samples. Variations in size (length)were found more among the barks and tominimize the error, barks were divided intothree different grades namely 30–60 mm, 60–90mm, and 90–120 mm. Bulk density wasdetermined by the method described byBalasubramanian & Viswanathan (2010). Meanof three replications are reported. True densityis the ratio of bark mass to its pure volume asdetermined using nitrogen gas replacement inpycnometer (model 2: Hymipyc; make IQI,USA). After calibration, the duplicate sampleswere weighed and placed in the sample chamberfor determination of volume and true density.Porosity is represented as the ratio of differencebetween true density and bulk density to thetrue density i.e. percentage of volume of voids(Mohsenin 1986).100×−=tbtρρρεwhere, e  is the porosity (%), rt is the truedensity (kg m-3) & rb is the bulk density (kg m-3). For determining the angle of repose, barkwas discharged through a horizontal hopperopening and a conical shaped heap is formed.The samples were fed in a tapering iron hopperhaving a dimension of 250 × 250 mm from topand bottom hole 20 x 20 mm was allowed tofall freely on a circular disc of 100 mm diameter.A horizontal sliding gate was provided rightbelow the hopper to regulate the openingduring the test (Sahoo & Srivastava 2002).⎟⎠⎞⎜⎝⎛=−DH2tan 1θwhere, H is the height of the cone and D is thediameter of the circular base of the cone. Co-efficient of friction with respect to differentsurfaces namely, plywood, aluminum and mildsteel sheet was determined (Ozturk & Esen2008).fs NF=μwhere, μs  is the coefficient of friction, F is themeasured force (N) and Nf  is the normal forceof the samples (N).The length of three grades was 48.38, 71.81 and104.95 mm, respectively. However, breadth was7.34, 9.45, and 8.15 mm and thickness was 1.37,Table 1. Some physical properties of cinnamon Grade I Grade II Grade IIILength (mm) 48.38  (8.21) 71.81 (8.85) 104.95 (9.17)Breath (mm) 7.34 (0.78) 9.45 (0.56) 8.15 (0.85)Thickness (mm) 1.37 (0.39) 1.00 (0.44) 0.99 (0.11)Bulk density (kg m-3) 144.56 (12.75) 148.44 (12.13) 132.08 (8.09)True density (kg m-3) 177.60 (3.30) 186.87 (4.30) 202.91 (6.10)Porosity (%) 14.20 (0.55) 20.95 (1.12) 37.72 (1.13)Angle of repose (o) 40.69 (1.05) 41.66 (0.86) 42.30 (0.70)Coefficient of frictionGI sheet 0.94 (0.04) 0.89 (0.05) 0.84 (0.03)Plywood 0.86 (0.02) 0.84 (0.04) 0.80 (0.04)Aluminum 0.81 (0.03) 0.79 (0.04) 0.69 (0.03)Values in parenthesis indicate standard deviation1631.00 and 0.98 mm, respectively. The unit volumeincreased linearly from 214 to 409 mm3. Surfacearea increased linearly from 159 to 242 mm2.Bulk density of bark decreased with grade sizeand ranged between 148 and 132 kg m-3.However, true density was found to increase(177–202 kg m-3). The porosity and angle ofrepose showed an increasing trend with barkgrades i.e. 0.15 to 0.09 and 40.69 to 42.30respectively. The coefficient of friction forcinnamon bark of three different grades ondifferent structural surface were found be,plywood (0.86, 0.84, 0.80), GI sheet (0.94, 0.89,0.84), and aluminum (0.81, 0.79, 0.69). Thevalue of static coefficients of friction was lowestagainst aluminum sheet surface. This may bedue to the smoother and more polished surfaceof aluminum sheet compared to other testsurfaces. These results indicated that thereexisted a large variation in the physicalproperties of cinnamon with different gradessizes. Hence, proper grading provides data forthe design of equipment for processing ofcinnamon.AcknowledgmentThe National Director and NationalCoordinator of National Agricultural InnovationProject (NAIP), Indian Council of AgriculturalResearch, New Delhi.ReferencesBalasubramanian S & Viswanathan R 2010 In-fluence of moisture content on physicalproperties of minor millets. J. Food Sci.Technol. 47: 275–280.Mohsenin N N 1986 Physical properties of plantand animal materials. IInd Edn. Gordonand Breach Science Publishers, NewYork.Ozturk T & Esen B 2008 Physical and mechani-cal properties of barley. Agric. Tropicasubtropica 41: 117–121.Sahoo P K & Srivastava A P 2002 Physical prop-erties of okra seed. Biosys. Eng. 83: 441–448.Properties of cinnamon bark

Physical properties of cinnamon bark

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Physical properties of cinnamon bark

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