Quantitative Analysis of Phytoconstituents of Hydroalcoholic Extract of Carica Papaya Leaf

Carica papaya (C. papaya) leaves have been used in folk medicine for centuries. Several reports are available for use of Carica papaya leaves in increasing blood platelet count in dengue hemorrhagic fever. Recent studies also reported that Carica papaya leaves exhibits anti-tumor activity and immunomodulatory effects. Papaya leaf extract is reported to contain carbohydrates, amino acids, sterols, saponin glycosides, iridoids, flavonoids, phenolics, anthraquionones, triterpenes and alkaloids. The present investigation demonstrates the concentration of secondary metabolites in the hydroalcoholic extract of Carica papaya leaves. The total phenolics, total alkaloid and total flavonoid content were calculated by Folin–Ciocalteu colorimetric method, Bromocresol green colorimetric method and aluminum chloride colorimetric method respectively

An Overview : Natural Bio-enhancer’s in Formulation Development

Bioenhancers are chemical entities that are obtained from synthetic as well as natural sources. They are mainly used in formulation development to enhance the bioavailability of poorly solubilized drug molecule. The ideal characteristic of bioenhancers includes inertness, nontoxic, cost effective and decrease the dose of active constituents. There are lots of natural bioenhancers available such as piperine quercetin niaziridin, genistein, glycrrhyzin, curcumin. The review focus on plant based bioenhancers and their active principle that produces those effects. There is a need of extensive study on natural bioenhancers which can be utilized in formulation development. Keywords: bioenhancer, bioavailability, piperine, curcumi

Cubosomes: A Novel Carrier for Transdermal Drug Delivery

Cubosomes are square and rounded particles with internal cubic lattice. Cubosomes are thermodynamically stable and consist of honeycombed (cavernous) structures separating two internal aqueous channels and a large interfacial area. Cubosomes are nanoparticles which are self assembled liquid crystalline particles of certain surfactants with proper ratio of water with microstructure that provides unique properties of practical interest. Bicontinuous cubic liquid crystalline phase is optically clear and very viscous material has the unique structure at nanometer scale. The word bicontinuous refers to the division of the two continuous but non-intersecting aqueous regions by lipid bilayer that is twisted into space filling structure. Hydrating a surfactant or polar lipid that forms cubic phase and then dispersing a solid like phase into smaller particles usually forms a cubosomes. Self-assembled cubosomes as active drug delivery systems are receiving more and more attention and interest after the first discovery and nomination. They exhibit different internal cubic structure and composition with different drug-loading modalities. It has high internal surface area and cubic crystalline structures, relatively simple preparation method, biodegradability of lipids, the ability of encapsulating hydrophobic, hydrophilic and amphiphilic substances, targeting and controlled release of bioactive agents. Cubosomes are having wide range of applications in various fields and they can be characterized by various evaluation parameters. So, Cubosomes are gaining more attention in pharmaceutical field. Keywords: Cubosomes, Liquid crystal, drug-loading, hydrophilic, hydrophobic, amphiphilic

Formulation and Evaluation of Fixed Dose Combination Tablets of Antifungal Drugs for Candida albicans Resistant to Fluconazole

Background: The emergence of Candida albicans strains resistant to fluconazole (FLZ) had raised interest on combining other antifungals with FLZ. In vitro and clinical studies had indicated synergistic interaction between terbinafine and FLZ against strains resistant to FLZ and improved therapeutic efficacy. Objective: Formulation and evaluation of fixed dose combination (FDC) tablets of terbinafine HCl (TH) and FLZ for avoidance of resistance and improved therapeutic efficacy against C. albicans infections.  Method: The compatibility of TH and FLZ together and with excipients was determined by FTIR spectroscopy. A UV-visible spectroscopic Q-absorbance ratio method was developed and validated for linearity, accuracy, precision, LOD and LOQ for simultaneous estimation of TH and FLZ. The FDC tablets was prepared by wet granulation using hydroxy propyl cellulose (1%, 2%, 3%, 4% and 5%) as binder and evaluated for pre-compression and post-compression parameters. Result and Discussion: The TH and FLZ were compatible together and with excipients used in FDC. The linearity range was found to be 0.5-3.0 µg/ml and 80-400 µg/ml for TH and FLZ, respectively. Percent RSD was less than 2% indicating good accuracy and precision for proposed method. The hardness and disintegration time of tablets increased and friability decreased with increased binder concentration. Formulation F2 and F3 showed more than 80% drug release within 30 minutes. Conclusion: The TH and FLZ were compatible and can be formulated as a FDC tablet. The UV-Visible spectrophotometric method developed for simultaneous estimation was simple, accurate and sensitive. Keywords: Terbinafine, Fluconazole, Q-absorbance, Fixed Dose Combination, Candida albican

A comprehensive overview on phytomedicines as an upcoming/emerging candidate for the management of epilepsy

Background: The word "epilepsy" refers to a category of chronic CNS illnesses characterised by spontaneous occurrence of seizures, which are typically accompanied by loss of consciousness and uncontrollable shaking of the body (convulsions). Epilepsy is one of the most commonly occurring non-communicable neurological disorder that affects people of all age groups. By preventing discharge and inducing hypnosis, anticonvulsant medications are used to manage convulsions. The medication used for the therapy includes phenytoin (PHT), diazepam, valproate (VPA), levetiracetam, etc. These medications have brand-new effectiveness ranges and brand-new side effects. They also represent a significant cost increase. Herbal medicine, which has its roots in ancient civilizations, involves the use of medicinal plants to treat diseases and promote overall well-being. Although the widespread use of herbal medicine as an antiepileptic, there is little solid data supporting the effectiveness and safety of the majority of herbs. Additionally, the herbal remedy needs to pass a rigorous, evidence-based review. As herbal drugs are derived from natural sources, they are often considered safer than synthetic drugs. Therefore, there is a growing interest in exploring the potential of herbal medicine for treating neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson's disease. Due to their lower adverse effects, herbal medications are becoming more and more popular for the adjuvant treatment of epilepsy. Objective: The objective of this article is to investigate whether herbal medications have potential as a treatment option for Parkinsonism, and to provide a clear understanding of the current state of research on this topic. Keywords: Convulsion, epilepsy, herbal treatment, seizures, phytoconstituents, herbal medicine, GABA

Method Development and Validation for Multicomponent Analysis of Rosuvastatin Calcium and Losartan Potassium in Bulk Drug by RP-HPLC

A simple, sensitive and specific liquid chromatographic method was developed for the simultaneous estimation of Rosuvastatin calcium and Losartan potassium in bulk form. Chromatographic conditions included the  Column C-18 (Shim-pack) 250 x 4.6 mm, particle size 5 µm , mobile phase acetonitrile,  methanol and water pH 3 (orthophosphoric acid) in the ratio 20:25:55 recorded  at 233 nm. The retention time were found to be   3.55 and 4.64 min and average percentage recovery 99.42% and 99.63% for Rosuvastatin calcium and Losartan potassium respectively. The proposed method was found to comply with ICH guidelines. Keyword: Rosuvastatin calcium, Losartan potassium, RP-HPLC, accuracy and linearity

Modern Trends in Analytical Techniques for Method Development and Validation of Pharmaceuticals: A Review

The process of drug development requires a suitable technique which helps the scientist to analyze the drug molecule is an accurate, precise, and easiest way. For the quantitative and qualitative estimation of drugs in analytical chemistry it is very important to identify the best method for method development.  This study helps the author to understand the various analytical techniques available for the process of drug development which includes spectroscopy, chromatography, electrochemical techniques, electrophoretic, flow injection analysis, and hyphenated technique. All these methods contain different analytical process with a variety of separate techniques. Also, we discuss about the modern trend which are available, and implacable in all these methods to improve the analytical behavior of these techniques. In method development process the validation of document must be required in the form of accuracy, precision, specificity, limit of detection, linearity, and range is considered. So, this review article contains the brief summary of available analytical techniques, and the latest trend in method development, or the process of method validation, and development of method. The discussed methods in this review article were revealed by the scientist, and these techniques must require in new drug development process, which helps the person to utilize the potential of these techniques. Trend in the analytical chemistry to overcome the error in method development was necessary, and the latest trends in method development technique were useful to defeat errors in analytical techniques. Keywords: Analytical techniques, Modern trends, Process of method development, and validation

Method development and validation for simultaneous estimation of methotrexate and curcumin in Bulk Drug by using RP-HPLC

Curcumin is the natural herb that shows effect in the treatment of cancer and rheumatoid arthritis and methotrexate is well known anticancer and anti-rheumatoid drug. Literature survey reveals that there was no method available for the selected drug combination. So, here an attempt has been made to develop simple, rapid and economic method for simultaneous estimation of methotrexate and curcumin in bulk drug by using RP-HPLC method. The percentage assay from optimized method was found to be 99.68% and 99.76% for methotrexate and curcumin respectively.  The proposed method was validated for  linearity, accuracy, precision and robustness according to ICH guidelines and were found to be   within the standard range. Keywords: RP- HPLC, methotrexate, Linearity, anticance

Advancement of Near Infrared techniques in diagnosis and treatment of cancer

Near-Infrared photoimmunotheraphy (NIR-PIT) is newly developed therapy for cancer treatment, by using a specific monoclonal antibody (mAb) conjugated to a photoactive agent i.e. IRDye 700DX. In this technique, the conjugate of specific monoclonal antibody - photoactive agent is administered intravenously to cancer patient. When NIR light is applied, the monoclonal antibody - photoactive agent conjugate (APC) is excited and selectively kill the cancer cell without harming neighbouring normal cell. NIR light alters the chemical structure of APC and damages the cancer cell membrane. For the diagnosis of tumor, it is possible to observe the movements of erythrocyte in tissues by using diffuse correlation spectroscopy (DCS). DCS flow measurements are carried out by observing photon speckle variations induced by moving tissue scattering. Another diagnostic tool is Near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS), which is based on endogenous chromophores difference between healthy tissue and cancer by using diagnostic indicator i.e. oxy-haemoglobin or deoxyhaemoglobin, lipid or water bands. NIRS is being used in a variety of biological and pharmaceutical research fields, including brain imaging, cardiovascular radiology, formulation and quality/process control, and even clinical trial. In this review article, we describe the Near-Infrared photoimmunotheraphy (NIR-PIT) with its mechanism, role of DCS & NIRS in cancer diagnosis and various application of NIR-PIT. Keyword: Near-infrared immunotherapy (NIR-PIT); diffuse correlation spectroscopy (DCS); Near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS); Cancer treatment; Cancer diagnosis. &nbsp