ヒガシアジア ニオケル カジ ロウドウ ノ コクサイ ショウヒンカ ト インドネシアジン ロウドウシャ ノ イチズケ

論文ArticleThe purposes of this paper are to clarify working condition of Indonesian transnational domestic workers in Asian Newly Industrializing Economies (NIEs); namely Hong Kong, Singapore and Taiwan, and to make international comparison among sending countries. The monopolistic position of Filipino transnational domestic workers in labor market has been eroded due to rapid growth of Indonesian domestic workers. One of the reasons is due mainly to the comparative advantage of employment of Indonesian workers by the low cost and labor flexibility even below the legal threshold. The "dumping" of migrant workers is a government\u27s strategy to have more shares in the international labor market. Therefore, this is a cause of formation of hierarchy in terms of working condition of domestic workers by nationality. However, the migrant workers acting as an agency to change the status quo is also observed through unionization or organization of themselves, which makes the Indonesian transnational domestic workers visible and "politically non-ignorable"

カイゴシャ トシテ ノ ガイコクジン ロウドウシャ ト ケッコン イミン タイワン ニオケル コウレイシャ ショウガイシャ ノ カゾク カイゴ ノ ヘンヨウ トクシュウ ヒガシアジア ノ カジ カイゴ オ メグル ジョセイ ノ イキナイ イドウ タイワン ノ ガイコクジン ロウドウシャ ト ケッコン イミン ノ ジレイ カラ

論文Articl

Nurses from Abroad and the Formation of a Dual Labor Market in Japan

This article examines concerns regarding the formation of a dual labor market in Japan-Indonesia/ Philippines projects under the Economic Partnership Agreements (EPAs) by comparing legal framework, rules, guidelines and actual conditions. These potential problems were identified before the agreements went into effect. An institutional framework has also noted different alternatives that might mitigate these difficulties. Ensuring equal remuneration for Japanese and migrant workers and providing sustainable Japanese language skills and adequate exam preparation might prevent the worsening of wage and working conditions in the labor market. Through an analysis of three surveys, this article argues that the accepting organizations have introduced an increasing bipolarization of training hours. Furthermore, the numbers of accepting organizations are decreasing due to this imposed burden. The first cause of this is the weakness of the educational infrastructure in overcoming examination difficulties in Japanese. This is partly due to the fact that the EPAs began before their terms and conditions were clearly defined. The early formative years show that the Japanese government took a noninterventionist stance and continuous learning has been difficult for some candidates because the accepting organizations, hospitals and care facilities, are not educational institutions. Even though the Japanese government has spent 1.5 billion yen over the last two years to improve the training infrastructure, bipolarization continues to be a major issue. Even with the higher satisfaction ratio of patients under EPA, the number of accepting organizations is declining, and concurrently, the number of licensed nurses entering Japan through non-EPA channels is increasing. The examination pass-ratio of these non-EPA nurses greatly outnumbers that of the EPA candidates, which seriously calls into question the significance and sustainability of EPA in its current form

Nurses from Abroad and the Formation of a Dual Labor Market in Japan

This article examines concerns regarding the formation of a dual labor market in Japan-Indonesia/ Philippines projects under the Economic Partnership Agreements (EPAs) by comparing legal framework, rules, guidelines and actual conditions. These potential problems were identified before the agreements went into effect. An institutional framework has also noted different alternatives that might mitigate these difficulties. Ensuring equal remuneration for Japanese and migrant workers and providing sustainable Japanese language skills and adequate exam preparation might prevent the worsening of wage and working conditions in the labor market. Through an analysis of three surveys, this article argues that the accepting organizations have introduced an increasing bipolarization of training hours. Furthermore, the numbers of accepting organizations are decreasing due to this imposed burden. The first cause of this is the weakness of the educational infrastructure in overcoming examination difficulties in Japanese. This is partly due to the fact that the EPAs began before their terms and conditions were clearly defined. The early formative years show that the Japanese government took a noninterventionist stance and continuous learning has been difficult for some candidates because the accepting organizations, hospitals and care facilities, are not educational institutions. Even though the Japanese government has spent 1.5 billion yen over the last two years to improve the training infrastructure, bipolarization continues to be a major issue. Even with the higher satisfaction ratio of patients under EPA, the number of accepting organizations is declining, and concurrently, the number of licensed nurses entering Japan through non-EPA channels is increasing. The examination pass-ratio of these non-EPA nurses greatly outnumbers that of the EPA candidates, which seriously calls into question the significance and sustainability of EPA in its current form

<論文>労働条件を切り下げる「底辺への競争」 --技能実習制度における価格管理政策

“The race to the bottom” is a competitive principle among states as players in the international labor market, seeking to maximize their benefits. Each state's labor export strategies differ; for instance, the Philippines and Thailand have been practicing zero recruitment fees with a minimum absconsion ratio of less than one percent, while Vietnam allows a fee of $3, 600, leading to actual payments averaging 660, 000 yen, with absconders paying an average of 1, 020, 000 yen. This significantly reduces wages during the stay, effectively undermining minimum wage standards. “The race to the bottom” increases absconsion ratio at more than three percent among those states from high recruitment fee and brings various social costs of Japan. However, effective interventions for sending countries have been scarce. Before the reform act of the Immigration Control Act, the JITCO was responsible for the TITP operation, with inadequate supervision. The guarantee bond to prevent absconsion, previously considered a necessary evil by the government administrations of Japan, was declared illegal in 2009. The 2016 TITP Act required signing Memorandums of Cooperation (MOC) with sending countries. However, these memorandums, not binding domestic law, were largely ineffective. Hence, disparities in initial costs between the Philippines and Vietnam remained unchanged. The Economic Partnership Agreement scheme of nurses and care workers from Vietnam, the Philippines and Indoneisa exercise zero recruitment fee since 2008, in which absconsion has never been an issue. Therefore, systemic revisions of TITP are required before individual accountability of absconsions