61 research outputs found
Early Growth of the Star Formation Rate Function in the Epoch of Reionization: an Approach with Rest-frame Optical Emissions
We present a star formation rate function (SFRF) at based on star
formation rates (SFRs) derived by spectral energy distribution (SED) fitting on
data from rest-frame UV to optical wavelength of galaxies in the CANDELS
GOODS-South and North fields. The resulting SFRF shows an excess compared to
the previous estimations by using rest-frame UV luminosity functions (LFs)
corrected for the dust attenuation, and is comparable to that estimated from a
far-infrared LF. This suggests that the number density of dust-obscured
intensively star-forming galaxies at has been underestimated in the
previous approach based only on rest-frame UV observations. We parameterize the
SFRF with using the Schechter function and obtain the best-fit parameter of the
characteristic SFR () when the faint-end slope and characteristic
number density are fixed. The best-fit at is comparable
to that at , when the cosmic star formation activity reaches its peak.
Together with SFRF estimations with similar approach using rest-frame UV to
optical data, the is roughly constant from to
and may decrease above . Since the is sensitive to the
high-SFR end of the SFRF, this evolution of suggests that the
high-SFR end of the SFRF grows rapidly during the epoch of reionization and
reaches a similar level observed at .Comment: 24 pages, 14 figures, and 3 tables. Accepted for publication in Ap
A First Look at Spatially Resolved Balmer Decrements at from JWST NIRISS Slitless Spectroscopy
We present the first results on the spatial distribution of dust attenuation
at traced by the Balmer Decrement, H/H, in
emission-line galaxies using deep JWST NIRISS slitless spectroscopy from the
CAnadian NIRISS Unbiased Cluster Survey (CANUCS). H and H
emission line maps of emission-line galaxies are extracted and stacked in bins
of stellar mass for two grism redshift bins, and
. Surface brightness profiles for the Balmer Decrement are
measured and radial profiles of the dust attenuation towards H,
, are derived. In both redshift bins, the integrated
Balmer Decrement increases with stellar mass. Lower mass
(Log(/M)) galaxies have centrally
concentrated, negative dust attenuation profiles whereas higher mass galaxies
(Log(/M)) have flat dust attenuation
profiles. The total dust obscuration is mild, with on average and
mag in the low and high redshift bins respectively. We model the
typical light profiles of star-forming galaxies at these redshifts and stellar
masses with GALFIT and apply both uniform and radially varying dust attenuation
corrections based on our integrated Balmer Decrements and radial dust
attenuation profiles. If these galaxies were observed with typical JWST NIRSpec
slit spectroscopy ( shutters), on average,
H star formation rates (SFRs) measured after slit-loss corrections
assuming uniform dust attenuation will overestimate the total SFR by and at and
respectively.Comment: 7 pages, 5 figures, submitted to ApJ
CDM not dead yet: massive high-z Balmer break galaxies are less common than previously reported
Early JWST observations that targeted so-called double-break sources
(attributed to Lyman and Balmer breaks at ), reported a previously unknown
population of very massive, evolved high-redshift galaxies. This surprising
discovery led to a flurry of attempts to explain these objects' unexpected
existence including invoking alternatives to the standard CDM
cosmological paradigm. To test these early results, we adopted the same
double-break candidate galaxy selection criteria to search for such objects in
the JWST images of the CAnadian NIRISS Unbiased Cluster Survey (CANUCS), and
found a sample of 19 sources over five independent CANUCS fields that cover a
total effective area of arcmin at . However, (1) our SED
fits do not yield exceptionally high stellar masses for our candidates, while
(2) spectroscopy of five of the candidates shows that while all five are at
high redshifts, their red colours are due to high-EW emission lines in
star-forming galaxies rather than Balmer breaks in massive, evolved systems.
Additionally, (3) field-to-field variance leads to differences of
dex in the maximum stellar masses measured in the different fields, suggesting
that the early single-field JWST observations may have suffered from cosmic
variance and/or sample bias. Finally, (4) we show that the presence of even a
single massive outlier can dominate conclusions from small samples such as
those in early JWST observations. In conclusion, we find that the double-break
sources in CANUCS are not sufficiently massive or numerous to warrant
questioning the standard CDM paradigm.Comment: V2: correction of display problem of Fig.1 in Chrome browser.
Submitted to MNRAS, 10 pages (+4 in Appendix), 5 figures (+4), 1 table (+1
The Sparkler: Evolved High-Redshift Globular Clusters Captured by JWST
Using data from JWST, we analyze the compact sources ("sparkles") located
around a remarkable galaxy (the "Sparkler") that is
strongly gravitationally lensed by the galaxy cluster SMACS
J0723.3-7327. Several of these compact sources can be cross-identified in
multiple images, making it clear that they are associated with the host galaxy.
Combining data from JWST's {\em Near-Infrared Camera} (NIRCam) with archival
data from the {\em Hubble Space Telescope} (HST), we perform 0.4-4.4m
photometry on these objects, finding several of them to be very red and
consistent with the colors of quenched, old stellar systems. Morphological fits
confirm that these red sources are spatially unresolved even in strongly
magnified JWST/NIRCam images, while JWST/NIRISS spectra show [OIII]5007
emission in the body of the Sparkler but no indication of star formation in the
red compact sparkles. The most natural interpretation of these compact red
companions to the Sparkler is that they are evolved globular clusters seen at
. Applying \textsc{Dense Basis} SED-fitting to the sample, we infer
formation redshifts of for these globular cluster
candidates, corresponding to ages of Gyr at the epoch of
observation and a formation time just 0.5~Gyr after the Big Bang. If
confirmed with additional spectroscopy, these red, compact "sparkles" represent
the first evolved globular clusters found at high redshift, could be amongst
the earliest observed objects to have quenched their star formation in the
Universe, and may open a new window into understanding globular cluster
formation. Data and code to reproduce our results will be made available at
\faGithub\href{https://niriss.github.io/sparkler.html}{http://canucs-jwst.com/sparkler.html}.Comment: Submitted to ApJL. Comments are welcome. Data and code to reproduce
our results will be made available at niriss.github.io/sparkler.htm
The first large catalogue of spectroscopic redshifts in Webb's First Deep Field, SMACS J0723.37327
We present a spectroscopic redshift catalogue of the SMACS J0723.37327
field ("Webb's First Deep Field") obtained from JWST/NIRISS grism spectroscopy
and supplemented with JWST/NIRSpec and VLT/MUSE redshifts. The catalogue
contains a total of 190 sources with secure spectroscopic redshifts, including
156 NIRISS grism redshifts, 123 of which are for sources whose redshifts were
previously unknown. These new grism redshifts are secured with two or more
spectroscopic features (64 sources), or with a single spectral feature whose
identity is secured from the object's nine-band photometric redshift (59
sources). These are complemented with 17 NIRSpec and 48 MUSE redshifts,
including six new NIRSpec redshifts identified in this work. In addition to the
cluster galaxy redshifts (for which we provide 40 new
NIRISS absorption-line redshifts), we also find three prominent galaxy
overdensities at higher redshifts - at , , and - that
were until now not seen in the JWST/NIRSpec and VLT/MUSE data. The paper
describes the characteristics of our spectroscopic redshift sample and the
methodology we have employed to obtain it. Our redshift catalogue is made
available to the community at https://niriss.github.io/smacs0723.Comment: 19 pages, 13 figures, 3 appendices. Accepted for publication in MNRA
Stelleralides A–C, Novel Potent Anti-HIV Daphnane-Type Diterpenoids from Stellera chamaejasm e L.
Three novel 1-alkyldaphnane-type diterpenes, stelleralides A-C (4-6), and five known compounds were isolated from the roots of Stellera chamaejasme L. The structures of 4-6 were elucidated by extensive spectroscopic analyses. Several isolated compounds showed potent anti-HIV activity. Compound 4 showed extremely potent anti-HIV activity (EC(90) 0.40 nM) with the lowest cytotoxicity (IC(50) 4.3 μM) and appears to be a promising compound for development into anti-AIDS clinical trial candidates
Isolation, Structure Determination, and Anti-HIV Evaluation of Tigliane-Type Diterpenes and Biflavonoid from Stellera chamaejasme
Five novel tigliane-type diterpenes, stelleracins A–E (3–7), a novel flavanone dimer, chamaeflavone A (8), and six known compounds were isolated from roots of Stellera chamaejasme. Their structures were elucidated by extensive spectroscopic analyses. The isolated compounds were evaluated for anti-HIV activity in MT4 cells. New compounds 3–5 showed potent anti-HIV activity (EC90 0.00056–0.0068 μM) and relatively low or no cytotoxicity (IC50 4.4–17.2 μM). These new compounds represent promising new leads for development into anti-AIDS clinical trial candidates
Search for gravitational-lensing signatures in the full third observing run of the LIGO-Virgo network
Gravitational lensing by massive objects along the line of sight to the source causes distortions of gravitational wave-signals; such distortions may reveal information about fundamental physics, cosmology and astrophysics. In this work, we have extended the search for lensing signatures to all binary black hole events from the third observing run of the LIGO--Virgo network. We search for repeated signals from strong lensing by 1) performing targeted searches for subthreshold signals, 2) calculating the degree of overlap amongst the intrinsic parameters and sky location of pairs of signals, 3) comparing the similarities of the spectrograms amongst pairs of signals, and 4) performing dual-signal Bayesian analysis that takes into account selection effects and astrophysical knowledge. We also search for distortions to the gravitational waveform caused by 1) frequency-independent phase shifts in strongly lensed images, and 2) frequency-dependent modulation of the amplitude and phase due to point masses. None of these searches yields significant evidence for lensing. Finally, we use the non-detection of gravitational-wave lensing to constrain the lensing rate based on the latest merger-rate estimates and the fraction of dark matter composed of compact objects
Early Growth of the Star Formation Rate Function in the Epoch of Reionization: An Approach with Rest-frame Optical Emissions
We present a star formation rate function (SFRF) at z ∼ 6 based on star formation rates (SFRs) derived by spectral energy distribution fitting on data from rest-frame UV to optical wavelengths of galaxies in the CANDELS GOODS-South and North fields. The resulting SFRF shows an excess compared to the previous estimations by using rest-frame UV luminosity functions (LFs) corrected for the dust attenuation and is comparable to that estimated from a far-infrared LF. This suggests that the number density of dust-obscured intensively star-forming galaxies at z ∼ 6 has been underestimated in the previous approach based only on rest-frame UV observations. We parameterize the SFRF using the Schechter function and obtain the best-fit parameter of the characteristic SFR (SFR*) when the faint-end slope and characteristic number density are fixed. The best-fit SFR* at z ∼ 6 is comparable to that at z ∼ 2, when the cosmic star formation activity reaches its peak. Together with SFRF estimations with a similar approach using rest-frame UV to optical data, the SFR* is roughly constant from z ∼ 2 to ∼6 and may decrease above z ∼ 6. Since the SFR* is sensitive to the high-SFR end of the SFRF, this evolution of SFR* suggests that the high-SFR end of the SFRF grows rapidly during the epoch of reionization and reaches a similar level observed at z ∼ 2
Inhalation administration of the sesquiterpenoid aristolen-1(10)-en-9-ol from Nardostachys chinensis has a sedative effect via the GABAergic system
Spikenard, the dried roots of Nardostachys chinensis, contains sesquiterpenoids and is widely used as an herbal tranquilizer. We previously demonstrated that spikenard vapor showed a sedative effect when administered by inhalation, and we identified hydrocarbon sesquiterpenoids as active components. Here we investigated the other components that contribute to the effects of spikenard. Six oxygenated sesquiterpenoids, including aristolane- and guaiane-types, were isolated from an acetone extract of spikenard. We evaluated the sedative activities of these oxygenated compounds using an inhalation administration method in a caffeine-treated excitatory mouse model. We identified aristolen-1(10)-en-9-ol and patchouli alcohol as highly effective sedative components. These compounds inhibited locomotion in mice by approximately 60 % at a dose of 300 µg/cage. In addition, aristolen-1(10)-en-9-ol prolonged pentobarbital-induced sleep to the same extent as 1 mg/kg diazepam. This effect completely disappeared with the administration of the GABAA-benzodiazepine receptor antagonist flumazenil (3 mg/kg), suggesting that the sedative effect of aristolen-1(10)-en-9-ol is expressed via the GABAergic system. Furthermore, differently from diazepam, inhalation of aristolen-1(10)-en-9-ol for 1 h did not affect the motor coordination in the rota-rod test. In the present study, we identified active components and provided evidence supporting the traditional sedative use of spikenard. Our research suggests that aristolen-1(10)-en-9-ol may be an effective aromatherapy, providing mild sedation
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