EFFECTIVENESS OF NEW CHEMISTRY INSECTICIDES AGAINST BACTROCERA ZONATA (DIPTERA: TEPHRITIDAE)

Fruit fly is quarantine pest so infested fruit and vegetables restricted to export. Citrus fruit is important fruit crop in Pakistan which exports to other countries. Large numbers of insect pest are attacked to Citrus fruit in which fruit fly is one of most major pests now days in Pakistan. Fruit fly has short life cycle, high fecundity, and wide host ranges that why difficult to control. The present study was carried to check the efficacy of new chemistry insecticides against Bactrocera zonata and their behavior in Citrus fruits. Fruit fly was collected from different fruit orchards and brought them into the laboratory. Fruit fly colony was maintained in the plastic jars to developed large population which need in the bioassay study. To check the efficacy of new chemistry insecticides, bottle and leaf dip method was used. Result demonstrated that maximum percentage mortality (50.00±2.88, 53.33±4.40 and 60.00±2.88) was recorded in trichlorfon treated bottle with 16 ppm concentration n after 24 h, 48 h, and 72 h exposure of insecticides, respectively. Trichlorfon was the most effective insecticide to control fruit fly in both bottle and leaf dip method at 16 ppm dose while Emmamectin benzoate and spinosad were also effective as compared to others. Feedings behavior was more affected by trichlorfon treated plants as compared to remaining. Hence, it can be concluded that trichlorfon was efficient insecticides to control fruit fly in Citrus

Effects of salts of copper on in vitro growth of some soil fungi

In vitro evaluation of three salts of copper viz. copper sulfate (CuSO4), copper chloride (CuCl2) and copper oxychloride [CuCl2.3Cu(OH)2] was done to check the effect of these compounds against three soil fungi namely, Aspergillus oryzae, A. niger and Drechslera tetramera. The data recorded at the end of incubation period revealed a remarkable decrease in fresh and dry biomass of these fungi by the action of all salts of copper. A. oryzae showed maximum suppression in growth in response to these treatments especially to copper sulfate, while A. niger showed the least

A situational analysis of HIV and AIDS in Pakistan

HIV (Human immunodeficiency virus) transmission has been reduced by protected sex and screening of blood products and other body fluids in the developed countries. It has been reported that Pakistan is at high risk of HIV/AIDS infection but presently the prevalence rate is considerably low. The number of reported cases of HIV/AIDS in Pakistan has been continuously increasing since 1987. By 2010 the total number of registered cases has reached to 6000 and this figure is on the rise with the passage of time. Some serious strategies must be implemented to control this deadly disease

Study dynamics of phylloplane fungi in relation to Ascochyta blight in chickpea

Eight chickpea varieties (3 resistant* and 5 susceptible+) were screened for the abundance and diversity of phylloplane fungi. This study was carried out before and after the foliar spray of the pathogen, Aschochyta rabiei on field grown chickpea plants. Samples for study were also collected from the local market in the months of March and April. A total of nine fungal species were encountered in the screening process of six market samples collected at an interval of one week. The number of phylloplane fungi associated with the market samples increased with time. The samples collected in April turned up with maximum diversity of phylloplane fungi. Screening of the experimental plants yielded a total of eight fungal species. Except for two species i.e., Alternaria alternata and Aspergillus niger, the phylloplane flora of the market samples and the experimental plants was totally different. During the early stages (before the spray) the number of fungi associated with the phylloplane was significantly low as compared to the later stages i.e., after the spray. However, the density of these fungi increased during the later stages in three varieties which were NE 1256*, AUG 970+ and ILC 1256+. While for varieties 184 W*, CM 72+, ICC 630+ and ILC 2548* the pattern was not very clear. In the case of C 679+, the density increased with an increase in the age of the host plant

Study dynamics of phylloplane fungi in relation to Ascochyta blight in chickpea

Eight chickpea varieties (3 resistant* and 5 susceptible+) were screened for the abundance and diversity of phylloplane fungi. This study was carried out before and after the foliar spray of the pathogen, Aschochyta rabiei on field grown chickpea plants. Samples for study were also collected from the local market in the months of March and April. A total of nine fungal species were encountered in the screening process of six market samples collected at an interval of one week. The number of phylloplane fungi associated with the market samples increased with time. The samples collected in April turned up with maximum diversity of phylloplane fungi. Screening of the experimental plants yielded a total of eight fungal species. Except for two species i.e., Alternaria alternata and Aspergillus niger, the phylloplane flora of the market samples and the experimental plants was totally different. During the early stages (before the spray) the number of fungi associated with the phylloplane was significantly low as compared to the later stages i.e., after the spray. However, the density of these fungi increased during the later stages in three varieties which were NE 1256*, AUG 970+ and ILC 1256+. While for varieties 184 W*, CM 72+, ICC 630+ and ILC 2548* the pattern was not very clear. In the case of C 679+, the density increased with an increase in the age of the host plant

Study dynamics of phylloplane fungi in relation to Ascochyta blight in chickpea

Eight chickpea varieties (3 resistant* and 5 susceptible+) were screened for the abundance and diversity of phylloplane fungi. This study was carried out before and after the foliar spray of the pathogen, Aschochyta rabiei on field grown chickpea plants. Samples for study were also collected from the local market in the months of March and April. A total of nine fungal species were encountered in the screening process of six market samples collected at an interval of one week. The number of phylloplane fungi associated with the market samples increased with time. The samples collected in April turned up with maximum diversity of phylloplane fungi. Screening of the experimental plants yielded a total of eight fungal species. Except for two species i.e., Alternaria alternata and Aspergillus niger, the phylloplane flora of the market samples and the experimental plants was totally different. During the early stages (before the spray) the number of fungi associated with the phylloplane was significantly low as compared to the later stages i.e., after the spray. However, the density of these fungi increased during the later stages in three varieties which were NE 1256*, AUG 970+ and ILC 1256+. While for varieties 184 W*, CM 72+, ICC 630+ and ILC 2548* the pattern was not very clear. In the case of C 679+, the density increased with an increase in the age of the host plant

Study dynamics of phylloplane fungi in relation to Ascochyta blight in chickpea

Eight chickpea varieties (3 resistant* and 5 susceptible+) were screened for the abundance and diversity of phylloplane fungi. This study was carried out before and after the foliar spray of the pathogen, Aschochyta rabiei on field grown chickpea plants. Samples for study were also collected from the local market in the months of March and April. A total of nine fungal species were encountered in the screening process of six market samples collected at an interval of one week. The number of phylloplane fungi associated with the market samples increased with time. The samples collected in April turned up with maximum diversity of phylloplane fungi. Screening of the experimental plants yielded a total of eight fungal species. Except for two species i.e., Alternaria alternata and Aspergillus niger, the phylloplane flora of the market samples and the experimental plants was totally different. During the early stages (before the spray) the number of fungi associated with the phylloplane was significantly low as compared to the later stages i.e., after the spray. However, the density of these fungi increased during the later stages in three varieties which were NE 1256*, AUG 970+ and ILC 1256+. While for varieties 184 W*, CM 72+, ICC 630+ and ILC 2548* the pattern was not very clear. In the case of C 679+, the density increased with an increase in the age of the host plant

Study dynamics of phylloplane fungi in relation to Ascochyta blight in chickpea

Eight chickpea varieties (3 resistant* and 5 susceptible+) were screened for the abundance and diversity of phylloplane fungi. This study was carried out before and after the foliar spray of the pathogen, Aschochyta rabiei on field grown chickpea plants. Samples for study were also collected from the local market in the months of March and April. A total of nine fungal species were encountered in the screening process of six market samples collected at an interval of one week. The number of phylloplane fungi associated with the market samples increased with time. The samples collected in April turned up with maximum diversity of phylloplane fungi. Screening of the experimental plants yielded a total of eight fungal species. Except for two species i.e., Alternaria alternata and Aspergillus niger, the phylloplane flora of the market samples and the experimental plants was totally different. During the early stages (before the spray) the number of fungi associated with the phylloplane was significantly low as compared to the later stages i.e., after the spray. However, the density of these fungi increased during the later stages in three varieties which were NE 1256*, AUG 970+ and ILC 1256+. While for varieties 184 W*, CM 72+, ICC 630+ and ILC 2548* the pattern was not very clear. In the case of C 679+, the density increased with an increase in the age of the host plant

Study dynamics of phylloplane fungi in relation to Ascochyta blight in chickpea

Eight chickpea varieties (3 resistant* and 5 susceptible+) were screened for the abundance and diversity of phylloplane fungi. This study was carried out before and after the foliar spray of the pathogen, Aschochyta rabiei on field grown chickpea plants. Samples for study were also collected from the local market in the months of March and April. A total of nine fungal species were encountered in the screening process of six market samples collected at an interval of one week. The number of phylloplane fungi associated with the market samples increased with time. The samples collected in April turned up with maximum diversity of phylloplane fungi. Screening of the experimental plants yielded a total of eight fungal species. Except for two species i.e., Alternaria alternata and Aspergillus niger, the phylloplane flora of the market samples and the experimental plants was totally different. During the early stages (before the spray) the number of fungi associated with the phylloplane was significantly low as compared to the later stages i.e., after the spray. However, the density of these fungi increased during the later stages in three varieties which were NE 1256*, AUG 970+ and ILC 1256+. While for varieties 184 W*, CM 72+, ICC 630+ and ILC 2548* the pattern was not very clear. In the case of C 679+, the density increased with an increase in the age of the host plant