Evaluation of The Factors Affecting the Benefiting Level from The Young Farmers Project Support in TR 71 Region of Turkey

In Turkey, various agricultural support policies were applied some time to increase the production, sometimes to reduce the over-production and to compensate the production. However, these policies have not been fully attained since they have been implemented without first solving the major structural problems of agriculture. Parallel to developments in the world's countries, entrepreneurship needs to be embraced by the young population and young entrepreneurs must be supported. Turkey attaches great importance to the supports in recent years regarding the determination of entrepreneurial individuals, and the promotion of entrepreneurship. For this purpose, in order to support young people in the agriculture sector, "Young Farmer Projects Support (YFPS)" was added to the "National Agricultural Project" in 2016. This support policy aims to encourage young farmers to stay in agriculture by supporting young farmers and to prevent migration from the village to the city. In this context, a survey has been carried out in the TR 71 Region of Turkey (Aksaray, Kırıkkale, Kırşehir, Nevsehir and Nigde provinces), and a total of 248 young farmers (139 supported, and 109 non-supported) were interviewed. The logit model was used in the analysis of the data. According to Logit model results, the factors such as gender, marital status, farming situation of young farmer, farming situation of young farmer’s family, residence population, social security status, agricultural education certificate status and ownership of property which are influencing on individuals benefiting from young farmer support were found statistically significant

Global, regional, and national burden of disorders affecting the nervous system, 1990–2021: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021

BackgroundDisorders affecting the nervous system are diverse and include neurodevelopmental disorders, late-life neurodegeneration, and newly emergent conditions, such as cognitive impairment following COVID-19. Previous publications from the Global Burden of Disease, Injuries, and Risk Factor Study estimated the burden of 15 neurological conditions in 2015 and 2016, but these analyses did not include neurodevelopmental disorders, as defined by the International Classification of Diseases (ICD)-11, or a subset of cases of congenital, neonatal, and infectious conditions that cause neurological damage. Here, we estimate nervous system health loss caused by 37 unique conditions and their associated risk factors globally, regionally, and nationally from 1990 to 2021.MethodsWe estimated mortality, prevalence, years lived with disability (YLDs), years of life lost (YLLs), and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs), with corresponding 95% uncertainty intervals (UIs), by age and sex in 204 countries and territories, from 1990 to 2021. We included morbidity and deaths due to neurological conditions, for which health loss is directly due to damage to the CNS or peripheral nervous system. We also isolated neurological health loss from conditions for which nervous system morbidity is a consequence, but not the primary feature, including a subset of congenital conditions (ie, chromosomal anomalies and congenital birth defects), neonatal conditions (ie, jaundice, preterm birth, and sepsis), infectious diseases (ie, COVID-19, cystic echinococcosis, malaria, syphilis, and Zika virus disease), and diabetic neuropathy. By conducting a sequela-level analysis of the health outcomes for these conditions, only cases where nervous system damage occurred were included, and YLDs were recalculated to isolate the non-fatal burden directly attributable to nervous system health loss. A comorbidity correction was used to calculate total prevalence of all conditions that affect the nervous system combined.FindingsGlobally, the 37 conditions affecting the nervous system were collectively ranked as the leading group cause of DALYs in 2021 (443 million, 95% UI 378–521), affecting 3·40 billion (3·20–3·62) individuals (43·1%, 40·5–45·9 of the global population); global DALY counts attributed to these conditions increased by 18·2% (8·7–26·7) between 1990 and 2021. Age-standardised rates of deaths per 100 000 people attributed to these conditions decreased from 1990 to 2021 by 33·6% (27·6–38·8), and age-standardised rates of DALYs attributed to these conditions decreased by 27·0% (21·5–32·4). Age-standardised prevalence was almost stable, with a change of 1·5% (0·7–2·4). The ten conditions with the highest age-standardised DALYs in 2021 were stroke, neonatal encephalopathy, migraine, Alzheimer's disease and other dementias, diabetic neuropathy, meningitis, epilepsy, neurological complications due to preterm birth, autism spectrum disorder, and nervous system cancer.InterpretationAs the leading cause of overall disease burden in the world, with increasing global DALY counts, effective prevention, treatment, and rehabilitation strategies for disorders affecting the nervous system are needed

Global burden of 288 causes of death and life expectancy decomposition in 204 countries and territories and 811 subnational locations, 1990–2021: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021

BACKGROUND Regular, detailed reporting on population health by underlying cause of death is fundamental for public health decision making. Cause-specific estimates of mortality and the subsequent effects on life expectancy worldwide are valuable metrics to gauge progress in reducing mortality rates. These estimates are particularly important following large-scale mortality spikes, such as the COVID-19 pandemic. When systematically analysed, mortality rates and life expectancy allow comparisons of the consequences of causes of death globally and over time, providing a nuanced understanding of the effect of these causes on global populations. METHODS The Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2021 cause-of-death analysis estimated mortality and years of life lost (YLLs) from 288 causes of death by age-sex-location-year in 204 countries and territories and 811 subnational locations for each year from 1990 until 2021. The analysis used 56 604 data sources, including data from vital registration and verbal autopsy as well as surveys, censuses, surveillance systems, and cancer registries, among others. As with previous GBD rounds, cause-specific death rates for most causes were estimated using the Cause of Death Ensemble model-a modelling tool developed for GBD to assess the out-of-sample predictive validity of different statistical models and covariate permutations and combine those results to produce cause-specific mortality estimates-with alternative strategies adapted to model causes with insufficient data, substantial changes in reporting over the study period, or unusual epidemiology. YLLs were computed as the product of the number of deaths for each cause-age-sex-location-year and the standard life expectancy at each age. As part of the modelling process, uncertainty intervals (UIs) were generated using the 2·5th and 97·5th percentiles from a 1000-draw distribution for each metric. We decomposed life expectancy by cause of death, location, and year to show cause-specific effects on life expectancy from 1990 to 2021. We also used the coefficient of variation and the fraction of population affected by 90% of deaths to highlight concentrations of mortality. Findings are reported in counts and age-standardised rates. Methodological improvements for cause-of-death estimates in GBD 2021 include the expansion of under-5-years age group to include four new age groups, enhanced methods to account for stochastic variation of sparse data, and the inclusion of COVID-19 and other pandemic-related mortality-which includes excess mortality associated with the pandemic, excluding COVID-19, lower respiratory infections, measles, malaria, and pertussis. For this analysis, 199 new country-years of vital registration cause-of-death data, 5 country-years of surveillance data, 21 country-years of verbal autopsy data, and 94 country-years of other data types were added to those used in previous GBD rounds. FINDINGS The leading causes of age-standardised deaths globally were the same in 2019 as they were in 1990; in descending order, these were, ischaemic heart disease, stroke, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and lower respiratory infections. In 2021, however, COVID-19 replaced stroke as the second-leading age-standardised cause of death, with 94·0 deaths (95% UI 89·2-100·0) per 100 000 population. The COVID-19 pandemic shifted the rankings of the leading five causes, lowering stroke to the third-leading and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease to the fourth-leading position. In 2021, the highest age-standardised death rates from COVID-19 occurred in sub-Saharan Africa (271·0 deaths [250·1-290·7] per 100 000 population) and Latin America and the Caribbean (195·4 deaths [182·1-211·4] per 100 000 population). The lowest age-standardised death rates from COVID-19 were in the high-income super-region (48·1 deaths [47·4-48·8] per 100 000 population) and southeast Asia, east Asia, and Oceania (23·2 deaths [16·3-37·2] per 100 000 population). Globally, life expectancy steadily improved between 1990 and 2019 for 18 of the 22 investigated causes. Decomposition of global and regional life expectancy showed the positive effect that reductions in deaths from enteric infections, lower respiratory infections, stroke, and neonatal deaths, among others have contributed to improved survival over the study period. However, a net reduction of 1·6 years occurred in global life expectancy between 2019 and 2021, primarily due to increased death rates from COVID-19 and other pandemic-related mortality. Life expectancy was highly variable between super-regions over the study period, with southeast Asia, east Asia, and Oceania gaining 8·3 years (6·7-9·9) overall, while having the smallest reduction in life expectancy due to COVID-19 (0·4 years). The largest reduction in life expectancy due to COVID-19 occurred in Latin America and the Caribbean (3·6 years). Additionally, 53 of the 288 causes of death were highly concentrated in locations with less than 50% of the global population as of 2021, and these causes of death became progressively more concentrated since 1990, when only 44 causes showed this pattern. The concentration phenomenon is discussed heuristically with respect to enteric and lower respiratory infections, malaria, HIV/AIDS, neonatal disorders, tuberculosis, and measles. INTERPRETATION Long-standing gains in life expectancy and reductions in many of the leading causes of death have been disrupted by the COVID-19 pandemic, the adverse effects of which were spread unevenly among populations. Despite the pandemic, there has been continued progress in combatting several notable causes of death, leading to improved global life expectancy over the study period. Each of the seven GBD super-regions showed an overall improvement from 1990 and 2021, obscuring the negative effect in the years of the pandemic. Additionally, our findings regarding regional variation in causes of death driving increases in life expectancy hold clear policy utility. Analyses of shifting mortality trends reveal that several causes, once widespread globally, are now increasingly concentrated geographically. These changes in mortality concentration, alongside further investigation of changing risks, interventions, and relevant policy, present an important opportunity to deepen our understanding of mortality-reduction strategies. Examining patterns in mortality concentration might reveal areas where successful public health interventions have been implemented. Translating these successes to locations where certain causes of death remain entrenched can inform policies that work to improve life expectancy for people everywhere. FUNDING Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation

Türkiye’ de Fark Ödemesi Desteklemelerinin Bazı Hububat Ürünlerinin Üretici Kararlarına Etkilerinin Değerlendirilmesi

anemonInthis study, we investigated effects of deficiency payment supports for wheat, barley and maize cultivation areas selected from the cereal group in Turkeybetween 1994-2016. Variables of the study are cultivation areas, one lag valueof the current prices and deficiency payment support. According to the resultsobtained, it was determined that deficiency support supports are effective onthe barley and corn cultivation areas. In wheat, no such effect was observedstatistically. However, in the products considered, the interaction betweencurrent prices and deficiency payment support is considered important. Movingfrom this point, it can be said that the support for deficiency payment shouldbe maintained. When this continuity is achieved, it is necessary to be carefulabout issues such as the budget burden, the failure to reach the target group, the activities, etc. It can be said that policymakers and practitioners are moreproductive in terms of distribution and influence of resources when theyformulate these policies, considering product, region, economic structure, social and demographic characteristics.   Buaraştırmada, Türkiye’ de hububat grubu içerisinden seçilmiş buğday, arpa vemısır ekiliş alanları üzerinde fark ödemesi desteklerinin etkileriaraştırılmıştır. Araştırmanın değişkenleri ekiliş alanları, cari fiyatların birgecikmeli değeri ve fark ödemesi destekleridir. Elde edilen sonuçlara göre, arpa ve mısır ekiliş alanları üzerinde fark ödemesi desteklerinin etkili olduğubelirlenmiştir. Buğday’ da ise istatistiksel olarak böyle bir etkigörülmemiştir. Ancak, cari fiyatlar ile fark ödemesi desteklerinin etkileşimiele alınan ürünlerde önemli görülmüştür. Buradan hareketle, fark ödemesidesteklerinin sürdürülmesi gerektiği söylenebilir. Bu süreklilik sağlanırken, 2000’ li yıllar öncesinde ortaya çıkan desteklerin bütçe yükü, hedef kitleye ulaşamama, etkinlik vb. hususlar açısında dikkatli olunması gerekmektedir. Politikayapıcıların ve uygulayıcıların bu yönlü politikaları oluşturulurken, ürün, bölge, ekonomik yapı, sosyal ve demografik özellikleri dikkate alarakoluşturması söz konusu kaynakların dağılımı ve etkisi açısından daha verimliolabileceği söylenebilir.40246

Socioeconomic Evaluation of Einkorn Wheat Production

Today, economic shocks, negative effects of climate change, and the crises that directly affect human health, such as the COVID-19 pandemic, have shown that food security is always important for every country, regardless of its development status. With the introduction of the concept of healthy food along with adequate food, people have begun to change the criteria they look for when they eat. The demand for wheat-related products, which constitute the raw material of one of the most basic nutrients for human beings, has changed within this structure. It can be said that einkorn, emmer, and spelt wheats, which are known as the ancestors of wheat, come to the fore more today, especially when the demand for the products produced from wheat landraces is getting to increase. The fact that the products obtained from these wheats, which are important in terms of genetic resources, are healthier and more nutritious than the products obtained from commercial wheats is one of the main reasons for this interest. There are important initiatives in the production and commercialization of hulled wheat-based products in many countries in the world. It is seen that the products obtained from emmer and einkorn wheats are offered to the market, especially in Europe, as well as in countries such as Turkiye and the production is supported by the states, NGOs, and private sector. The products obtained from this type of wheats are finding more and more place day by day in different systems such as geographical indication and organic agriculture. For this reason, wheat landraces are of great importance as a genetic resource, and their sociological and economic aspects need to be evaluated in their conservation and sustainable use. In this study, the socioeconomic evaluation of einkorn wheat has been done and the results of a case study on Iza wheat, an einkorn wheat from Turkiye, have been presented. As a result of the study, it has been shown that economic sustainability is important in the protection and sustainability of this type of wheat, and it needs start-up support at the starting point. When these are provided, it has been revealed that the production of such wheat can become widespread both in organic agriculture and in the geographical indication system, and this type of wheat can be used as a development tool in local economic development by transforming it into value-added products. © The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2022

Yapısal Kırılma Varlığında Türkiye ve Dünya Buğday Fiyatlarının Nedensellik Analizi

Bu çalışmada, Türkiye ve dünya buğday fiyatlarındaki 1996:06-2007:10 dönemine ait nedensellik ilişkisi araştırılmıştır. Zaman serilerinde geleneksel birim kök testinin (Augmented Dickey Fuller) yanı sıra, yapısal kırılmanın varlığının tespiti için, Tekrarlı Tahmin Yöntemi ve Philips Perron birim kök testi kullanılmış ve Türkiye ve Dünya buğday fiyatları arasında Granger nedensellik analizi yapılmıştır. Philips Perron ve ADF testi sonuçları benzer şekilde verilerin fark durağan olduğunu göstermiştir. Standart Granger nedensellik testi sonuçlarına göre %90 güven sınırında dünya buğday fiyatlarının, Türkiye buğday fiyatlarının oluşumunda etkili olduğu sonucuna varılmıştır. Ancak bu durum, daha yüksek güven düzeylerinde Türkiye’de buğday fiyatlarının oluşumunu dış şartlardan daha çok içsel ekonomik, siyasi ve buğday arz durumu gibi faktörlere bağlı olduğunu göstermektedir

MULTIDIMENSIONS OF POVERTY FOR AGRICULTURAL COMMUNITY IN TURKEY: KONYA PROVINCE CASE

WOS: 000434067300029Poverty is a multi-dimensional global phenomenon. It encompasses health, housing, education, and social exclusion as well as simple incomes and expenditures. Multidimensional poverty is currently at the heart of many theoretical, empirical and institutional debates. The study was carried out in a rural settlement of Konya province in Turkey to determine the rural population's poverty structure and to quantify different general characteristics of both the poor and non-poor population according to the poverty line (relative poverty based household income-monetary approach) and asset based wealth index approach The results showed that, there was strong similarity between the income based approach and asset based wealth index approach for most factors. The source of income for the people in the study area was from non-agricultural sector and the material deprivation is also an important factor for wealth. It was found that non-agricultural income was higher in the wealth group (75-100%) than the other groups under study. The poor and low income households have high number of animals These kinds of enterprises were mostly located in the high altitude areas which were not appropriate for crop production. It can be concluded in the light of investigated results that poverty is more prevalent in harsh geographical locations.Ministry of Food, Agriculture and Livestock as R&D Project in Turkey [TAGEM/09/AR-GE/12]The data of the study was compiled from the Project "Poverty Analysis in Agricultural Holding in Rural Area of Konya and Modeling the Appropriate Strategies" supported by the Ministry of Food, Agriculture and Livestock as R&D Project (TAGEM/09/AR-GE/12) in Turkey

General Evaluation of Dry Bean Landraces in Farmers' Field in Terms of Natural Resource Economics in The Middle Kizilirmak Valley of Turkey

WOS: 000467972100006Albeit it is not the homeland of dry beans, Turkey is an important country by having its micro-gene centers, genetic diversity and food culture. This research was conducted in Middle Kizilirmak Valley where we have important place for dry bean production. In the study, 140 dry bean landrace (DBL) producers interviewed face to face for fulfilling the questionnaire forms. The producers divided into 2 groups as home garden type producers (HGP) and field type producers (FP). In this study, the general characteristics of DBL producers and produced DBL, and the reasons for choosing these populations were determined. In addition, the producers 'perspectives in terms of economic (economic aspect of rural development) and genetic resources (natural resources) have been investigated. As a result, 2-year production periods of the DBL producers in the research area were evaluated and it was found that there was a contraction in the dry bean landrace production area (about 50%). It has been determined that small farmers play an important role in the conservation, and they are more sensitive in the protection of genetic resources. We need to have more studies and policies that include conservation and sustainability with economically better potentials

The Factors Affecting Psychological Empowerment Levels Of Entrepreneurs In Agricultural Holdings Of Kirsehir Province, Turkey

The agricultural sector takes an important part of the Turkish economy yet it cannot provide the desired contribution to the national economy due to its structural problems. Particularly the field of agricultural entrepreneurship is extremely affected by the cyclical fluctuations as well as by the lack of motivation of the individuals. This is among the significant reasons why the desired changes and improvements cannot be achieved. The motivations of both the employees and the entrepreneurs should be increased and they should have sufficient knowledge and experience to increase the contribution of agriculture to the national economy. The object of this study is to examine the relations between the psychological empowerment index (PEI) indicating the motivations of the owners in the agricultural holdings operating in the province of Kirsehir where dry farming system prevails and some demographical, agricultural, perceptual and behavioral variables. As a result of the survey study conducted with the owners of 265 agricultural holdings, a positive relation was found between PEI and age, land size and income while there was a negative relation between education level, risk behavior and information sources. In conclusion, it was found in the study, which was conducted in the field of agriculture for the first time in Turkey, that the structural problems in the agricultural segment caused some results in contrary to what was theoretically expected. The reasons can be listed to include low education level in the agricultural sector, lack of trust in information sources, financial uncertainties and reluctance in taking risks