Reconsidering the Australian <i>Forum (Non) Conveniens </i>Doctrine

AbstractA quarter of a century after the High Court of Australia's landmark ruling in Voth v Manildra Flour Mills Pty Ltd, this article examines the application of the modern-day forum (non) conveniens doctrine in Australia. It outlines the prevailing view in the academic literature which claims that the Australian doctrine is functionally different from its English counterpart, articulated in Spiliada Maritime Corporation v Cansulex Ltd. Through a detailed assessment of the case law and commentary, this article questions that widely accepted orthodoxy and demonstrates it to be unpersuasive and reconceptualizes our understanding of the forum (non) conveniens doctrine in Australia. Its main contention is that while, theoretically, there may be a narrow conceptual space between Spiliada and Voth, it is so narrow as to be practically non-existent.</jats:p

Effect of initial aflatoxin concentration, heating time and roasting temperature on aflatoxin reduction in contaminated peanuts and process optimisation using response surface modelling.

Response surface methodology was applied to optimise the aflatoxin reduction in both naturally and artificially contaminated samples using dry oven. The effect of initial aflatoxin concentration (0-400ngg-1), heating time (30-120min) and temperature (90-150°C) was evaluated. The maximum reduction of AFB1 (78.4%) and AFB2 (57.3%) of artificially contaminated samples with initial aflatoxin concentration of 237 and 68ngg-1, and those of AFG1 (73.9%) and AFG2 (75.2%) with initial aflatoxin concentration of 215 and 75ngg-1 was obtained at 150°C. The maximum reduction of AFB1 (80.2%) and AFB2 (69.7%) of naturally contaminated samples with initial aflatoxin concentration of 174 and 25ngg-1 was obtained at 150°C and 130°C, respectively

Aflatoxin in raw peanut kernels marketed in Malaysia.

The occurrence of af latoxin in eighty-four samples of raw peanut kernels which are randomly collected from Malaysian super- markets was examined. Analysis for af latoxin was performed by solvent extraction and immunoaffinity clean-up followed by the determination using high performance liquid chromatography equipped with post-column photochemical reactor for enhanced detection and f luorescence detector. A detection limit of 0.01-0.09 ng/mL and a quantification limit of 0.04-0.30 ng/mL were obtained. The af latoxin concentrations ranged from not detected to 97.28 ng/g in all samples investigated. About 78.57% of the samples were contaminated with af latoxin, of which 10.71% exceeded the maximum tolerable limit of 15 ng/g set by the Codex. Average recoveries of the af latoxin analysis were acceptable which were in the range of 74.85 ± 8.83% for AFG2 at the concentration of 0.15 ng/mL and 103.91 ± 6.45% for AFB2 at the concentration of 0.15 ng/mL. The average daily intake estimated for total af la- toxins was 10.69 ng/kg body weight. There was a significant difference (P < 0.05) in af latoxin content between brands and locations

Optimization of HPLC conditions for quantitative analysis of aflatoxins in contaminated peanut.

The main objective of present study was to investigate the effect of HPLC conditions namely mobile phase composition (X1), flow rate (X2) and temperature (X3) on peak area of four target aflatoxins (i.e. B1 (Y1), B2 (Y2), G1 (Y3) and G2 (Y4)) from the spiked peanut. The significant nonlinear response surface models with high coefficient of determinations (R2) ranging from 0.958 to 0.995 were fitted to evaluate the detection value of target aflatoxins as a function of HPLC variables. Flow rate had the most significant (p < 0.05) effect on quantification value of target aflatoxins. The highest quantification value for target aflatoxins could be obtained under the following HPLC conditions: the mobile phase composition of ACN/H2O/MeOH: 8/54/38, temperature of 24 °C and flow rate of 0.4 mL/min. The recommended optimum HPLC conditions provided higher peak area for all target aflatoxins by 1-2.5 fold compared to two other conditions (A: mobile phase (ACN/H2O/MeOH: 23/54/23), ambient temperature (28-32 °C), flow rate 1 mL/min; B: mobile phase (ACN/H2O/MeOH: 17/54/29), temperature 30 °C, flow rate 1 mL/min)