ANTIHYPERGLYCEMIC AND ANTIDYSLIPIDEMIC POTENTIAL OF IPOMOEA BATATAS LEAVES IN VALIDATED DIABETIC ANIMAL MODELS

Objective: The present study was undertaken to investigate the antidiabetic potential of the leaves of Ipomoea batatas.Methods: The crude powder, 95% ethanolic, 50% ethanolic and aqueous extracts of Ipomoea batatas leaves were administered to normoglycemic and streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats in a single dose study. The chloroform, butanol and aqueous fractions of aqueous extract were investigated for their antihyperglycemic on STZ-induced diabetic rats. Multiple dose study of an aqueous fraction was also done in STZ and neonatal STZ-induced diabetic rats. Further, the aqueous fraction was measured against the alpha glucosidase and aldose reductase enzymes, and glucose uptake in L6 myotubes.Results: The aqueous extract showed significant lowering of postprandial hyperglycemia of post sucrose loaded normal rats and significantly declined the blood glucose level of STZ-induced diabetic rats. The aqueous fraction at a single dose of 100 mg/kg b. w in comparison with chloroform and butanol fractions significantly lowered the blood glucose level of STZ-induced diabetic rats. The aqueous fraction in a multiple dose study were found to significantly improved the percent glycated hemoglobin (%HbA1c), fasting blood glucose, oral glucose tolerance (OGTT), serum insulin, lipid profile, liver and kidney parameters in STZ-induced diabetic rats. Marked improvement in OGTT and serum insulin levels was also found in neonatal STZ-induced diabetic rats. In vitro study, the aqueous fraction of I. batatas increased glucose uptake in L6 myotubes and inhibits the α-glucosidase and aldose reductase enzymes.Conclusion: The present study demonstrated the significant antidiabetic activity of the I. batatas leaves by promoting insulin secretion, alpha glucosidase and aldose reductase enzyme inhibition.Â

miR-135a targets IRS2 and regulates insulin signaling and glucose uptake in the diabetic gastrocnemius skeletal muscle

AbstractAlthough aberrant miRNA signatures are associated with diabetes, yet, the status and role of altered miRNAs in the diabetic skeletal muscle is currently poorly understood. Here, we report that 41 miRNAs are altered in the diabetic gastrocnemius skeletal muscle and of these, miR-135a that is identified as a critical regulator of myogenesis, is significantly up-regulated. IRS2 is predicted as its potential putative target and its levels are down-regulated in the diabetic gastrocnemius skeletal muscle. In C2C12 cells, while miR-135a levels decreased during differentiation, IRS2 levels were up-regulated. miR-135a significantly reduced IRS2 protein levels and its 3′UTR luciferase reporter activity and these were blunted by the miR-135a inhibitor and mutation in the miR-135a binding site. Knock-down of endogenous miR-135a levels increased IRS2 at the mRNA and protein levels. miR-135a also attenuated insulin stimulated phosphorylation and activation of PI3Kp85α and Akt and glucose uptake. miR-135a levels were also found to be elevated in the human diabetic skeletal muscle. In-vivo silencing of miR-135a alleviated hyperglycemia, improved glucose tolerance and significantly restored the levels of IRS2 and p-Akt in the gastrocnemius skeletal muscle of db/db mice without any effect on their hepatic levels. These suggest that miR-135a targets IRS2 levels by binding to its 3′UTR and this interaction regulates skeletal muscle insulin signaling

RAPD-based genetic relationships in different Bougainvillea cultivars

The present study deals with authenticating existing knowledge about 21 Bougainvillea cultivars comprisingof 9 hybrids and their parents through RAPD analysis. The 19 degenerate primer sets generated 234 bands from which 158(67.5%) were polymorphic. The UPGMA based dendrogram divided 21 cultivars into two major groups with Jaccard’ssimilarity coefficient ranging from 0.51 to 0.942. Group A had three cultivars namely Trinidad, Formosa and Dr. H. B. Singhin which Dr. H.B. Singh was confirmed as a hybrid of other two cultivars. Group B was sub divided into 8 clusters. Theparentages of 7 out of 8 hybirds have been confirmed based on clusters. The study concluded that the RAPD technique issuitable for confirmation of parent-hybrid relationship

α-Amylase immobilization onto functionalized graphene nanosheets as scaffolds: Its characterization, kinetics and potential applications in starch based industries

Abstractα-Amylase is imperative for starch and its deriviatized industries. Functionalized graphene sheets were tailored and optimized as scaffold for α-amylase immobilization using Response Surface Methodology based on Box–Behnken design, with an overall immobilization efficiency of 85.16%. Analysis of variance provided adequacy to the mathematical model for further studies. Native and immobilized functionalized graphene were characterized using transmission and scanning electron microscopy, followed by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. Wheat α-amylase conjugated with functionalized graphene sheets were visually evident on transmission and scanning micrographs while the FTIR spectra showed interplay of various chemical interactions and bonding, during and after immobilization. Optimum pH and optimum temperature for immobilized enzyme though remained unchanged but showed broader range whereas Km showed a slight decrease (1.32mg/mL). It also showed enhanced thermal and storage stability and retained 73% residual activity after 10 uses. These ensemble of properties and non-toxic nature of functionalized graphene, makes it viable to be absorbed commercially in starch processing industries

Revealing the therapeutic potential of teriparatide: a review

Teriparatide is an FDA-approved medication for osteoporosis that presents promising results in treating various musculoskeletal conditions. It helps in improving the bone mineral density and preventing fractures in individuals with osteoporosis. Its effectiveness in treating non-union and delayed union fractures, atypical femoral fractures, and spinal fusion procedures makes it valuable in improving bone healing and reducing complications. Teriparatide also improves bone density and strength in individuals with osteogenesis imperfecta, helps prevent and treat hypocalcaemia post-thyroidectomy, and helps in the management of hypoparathyroidism. In MRONJ, teriparatide improves lesion resolution and reduces bony defects. Furthermore, it potentially prevents bone metastasis in cancer patients without stimulating tumour growth. Nevertheless, teriparatide may cause short-term side effects like nausea and long-term concerns pertaining to the risk of osteosarcoma. Recent European alliance of associations for rheumatology guidelines have highlighted teriparatide's superior effectiveness in achieving bone mineral density thresholds and reducing fracture risks. Further clinical trials are necessary to determine optimal dosages and treatment durations of teriparatide. The off-label use of teriparatide should be considered only under the guidance of a healthcare professional when standard options are unavailable or inadequate

ANTIDIABETIC AND ANTIDYSLIPIDEMIC ACTIVITY OF ETHYL ACETATE FRACTIONS OF XYLOCARPUS GRANATUM AND XYLOCARPUS MOLLUCCENSIS ON HIGH FRUCTOSE HIGH FAT AND HIGH SUCROSE HIGH FAT FED-LOW DOSED STREPTOZOTOCIN TREATED DIABETIC RATS

Objectives: The present study was carried out to investigate the antidiabetic and antidyslipidemic effect of standardized fractions of X. granatum (CDR-134 F194) and X. molluccensis (CDR-267 F018) by measuring the status of blood glucose, serum insulin, lipid levels, hepatic and renal function markers of high fructose high fed streptozotocin treated rats and high sucrose high fat diet fed-low dosed Streptozotocin treated diabetic rats.Methods: Male rats of Sprague Dawley strain of body weight around 150 g when kept on high fructose high fat diet and high sucrose high fat diet for two weeks, respectively, showed abnormal glucose tolerance, dyslipidemia and obesity and at this stage when streptozotocin was given intraperitoneally at 45.0 mg/kg body weight caused persistent hyperglycemia in them addition to dyslipidemia along with impairment in their hepatic and renal functions.Results: The standardized fractions of X. granatum (CDR-134 F194) and X. molluccensis (CDR-267F018) when given to these high fructose high fat fed low dosed streptozotocin treated diabetic rats or high sucrose high fat diet fed-low dosed streptozotocin treated diabetic rats for 10 consecutive days showed significant improvement in their glucose intolerance, decline in their serum triglycerides and LDL-cholesterol levels. These CDR-134 F194 and CDR-267 F018 treated rats also showed elevation in their HDL-cholesterol levels and improvement in their hepatic and renal functions as evidenced by decline in SGOT, SGPT, urea, uric acid and creatinine levels.Conclusion: The present study thus concludes that the antidiabetic efficacy of standardized fractions of X. granatum (CDR-134 F194) and X. molluccensis (CDR-267F018) have favorable effect in bringing down the severity of hyperglycemia, hyperlipidemia, decline the increased level of renal and hepatic function markers and also improving glucose tolerance activity