Mollusca of the Illinois River, Arkansas

The Illinois River is in the Ozark region of northwestern Arkansas and eastern Oklahoma. A survey of the Illinois River in Arkansas produced nine species and one morphological subspecies of gastropods, three species of sphaeriid clams, and 23 species of unionid mussels. Museum records resulted in another two species and an ecophenotype of the Unionidae. This represents the first published survey of molluscan species from the Illinois River in Arkansas

Study On Berrier Trap Fishing Tecnology In Siak River Waters Village Bunga Raya District Bunga Raya Siak Regency Riau Province

This research was conducted in May 2015 in the village of Bunga Raya District of Bunga Raya regency of Siak Province of Riau. This study aimed to analyze aspects relating to technological aspects of environmental friendliness and aspects business feasibility. The method used is a survey method. From environmental assessment is was abtained the score 30,5 which mean this technology can classified as a very environmental friendly. The results of the feasibility study were Benefit cost ratio of 1.3 while the financial rate of return of 0,32% and a payback period of 3 years

The Tecnology of Tidal Trap Barrier Fishing Gear in Village Anak Setatah West Rangsang District of Meranti Island Regency Riau Province

This research was conducted in May 2015 in the village of Anak Setatah District of Western Rangsang of Meranti Island Regency Province of Riau. The aim of this study is analyze aspects relating to technological aspects of environmental friendliness, fishing operations management and business feasibility. The method used is a survey method. Results obtained environmental friendliness of 29.7 means environmentally friendly. The results of the feasibility namely Benefit cost ratio of 3.5, the financial rate of return of 11%, and a payback period of 9.6 months

Cell clustering mediated by the adhesion protein PVRL4 is necessary for alpha6beta4 integrin-promoted ferroptosis resistance in matrix-detached cells

Ferroptosis is an iron-dependent form of programmed cell death characterized by the accumulation of lipid-targeting reactive oxygen species that kill cells by damaging their plasma membrane. The lipid-repair enzyme glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPX4) protects against this oxidative damage and enables cells to resist ferroptosis. Recent work has revealed that matrix-detached carcinoma cells can be susceptible to ferroptosis and that they can evade this fate through the signaling properties of the alpha6beta4 integrin, which sustains GPX4 expression. Although these findings on ferroptosis are provocative, they differ from those in previous studies indicating that matrix-detached cells are prone to apoptosis, via a process referred to as anoikis. In an effort to reconcile these discrepant findings, here we observed that matrix-detached epithelial and carcinoma cells cluster spontaneously via a mechanism that involves the cell adhesion protein PVRL4 (also known as Nectin-4). We found that this clustering process allows these cells to survive by stimulating a PVRL4/alpha6beta4/Src signaling axis that sustains GPX4 expression and buffers against lipid peroxidation. In the absence of alpha6beta4, PVRL4-mediated clustering induced an increase in lipid peroxidation that was sufficient for triggering ferroptosis. When the clustering was inhibited, single cells did not exhibit a significant increase in lipid peroxidation in the absence of alpha6beta4, and they were more susceptible to apoptosis than to ferroptosis. These results indicate that ferroptosis induction depends on cell clustering in matrix-detached cells that lack alpha6beta4 and imply that the fate of matrix-detached cells can be determined by the state of their cell-cell interactions

Conditional Sox9 ablation reduces chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan levels and improves motor function following spinal cord injury

Chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans (CSPGs) found in perineuronal nets and in the glial scar after spinal cord injury have been shown to inhibit axonal growth and plasticity. Since we have previously identified SOX9 as a transcription factor that upregulates the expression of a battery of genes associated with glial scar formation in primary astrocyte cultures, we predicted that conditional Sox9 ablation would result in reduced CSPG expression after spinal cord injury and that this would lead to increased neuroplasticity and improved locomotor recovery. Control and Sox9 conditional knock-out mice were subject to a 70 kdyne contusion spinal cord injury at thoracic level 9. One week after injury, Sox9 conditional knock-out mice expressed reduced levels of CSPG biosynthetic enzymes (Xt-1 and C4st), CSPG core proteins (brevican, neurocan, and aggrecan), collagens 2a1 and 4a1, and Gfap, a marker of astrocyte activation, in the injured spinal cord compared with controls. These changes in gene expression were accompanied by improved hind limb function and locomotor recovery as evaluated by the Basso Mouse Scale (BMS) and rodent activity boxes. Histological assessments confirmed reduced CSPG deposition and collagenous scarring at the lesion of Sox9 conditional knock-out mice, and demonstrated increased neurofilament-positive fibers in the lesion penumbra and increased serotonin immunoreactivity caudal to the site of injury. These results suggest that SOX9 inhibition is a potential strategy for the treatment of SCI. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc

Review of Downscaling Methodologies for Africa Climate Applications

Downscaling is the term used to describe the various methods used to translate the climate projections from coarse resolution GCMs to finer resolutions deemed more useful for assessing impacts. Projections of future climate are produced using complex, coupled atmosphere-ocean models (GCMs). The GCMs are most reliable at the continental scale. Due to the inherent uncertainty of the climate system and the inevitable existence of model errors, multi-model ensembling is the recommended approach for characterizing expected climate changes. As downscaling is dependent on the ability of GCMs to successfully project the climate change signal, it is limited to where that signal is clear. Assessments of climate change in Africa indicate some consensus of reduced winter rainfall in southern Africa, increased annual rainfall in east Africa and uncertainty for the rest of Africa. Selection of GCMs that "do better" over Africa, or any region, is difficult and probably not warranted, given the general parity in model skill and the difficulty in identifying which models are more skillful. Ensemble means or medians offer the highest level of projection accuracy. Downscaling approaches are generally categorized as dynamical, using regional climate models, and statistical, using empirical relationships. However, dynamical downscaling often includes statistical modeling in the form of "bias correction." Dynamical downscaling is useful for incorporating topographic features, such as strong orography, and land use and vegetation. It is recommended where those features play a significant role in regional climate. However, computational time and the uncertainties that accompany complex models outweigh the benefits of dynamical downscaling where these features are not significant. The spatial resolution that can be achieved is on the order of tens of kilometers. Statistical downscaling is simpler and more efficient than dynamical downscaling. It is preferred where estimates of specific variables, especially at point locations, are sought for input to sector models (e.g., hydrologic models) or decision making. However, statistical modeling can mask a true understanding of regional climate dynamics and estimates may be overconfident. In summary, downscaling is best understood as an attempt to increase the understanding of climate change influences at the regional scale. In that context, a variety of methodologies should be explored, using all tools possible to increase that understanding. A set of "Best Practices" is recommended for pursuing this effort

Studi Teknologi Alat Tangkap Jermal di Desa Kota Pari Kecamatan Pantai Cermin Kabupaten Serdang Bedagai Provinsi Sumatera Utara

This research was conducted in April 2014 in Kota Pari village Kota Pari sun district Serdang Bedagai regency in North Sumatera Province. This study aims to determine the level of environmental friendliness sembilang gear nets using tuasan, feasibility as well as factors related to the arrest of environmentally friendly technologies. The method used in this study is a survey method with direct observation and interviews and discussions with fisherman. Observation made by FAO (1995) shows that fishing gear including nets sembilang use tuasan into environmentally friendly fishing gear. The results of the feasibility analysic calculations indicate that nets fishing effort Sembilang using tuasan provide benefits for fishermen and deserves to be developed because of the value of BCR (Benefit Cost Ratio) retrieved of 1,19 FRR (Financial Rate of Return) is 0,19 % and PPC (Payback Period of Capital) is 11 years

The Case Of Tetoron Yarns Breaking Strength Which Have Experienced The Preservation Of Papaya Leaves (Carica Papaya), Guava Leaves (Psidium Guajava L) And Betel Leaves (Xylocarpus Moluccensis M.roem) In Different Drying Times

This research was conducted on July 2014, which is held in the Laboratory of fishing Gear Materials, Utilization of Water Resources, The Faculty of Fisheries and Marine Sciences, University of Riau. The purpose of this study was to know breaking strength of Tetoron yarns which have experienced the preservation of different extracts and drying times. This study used an experimental method by performing the experiments effect of Tetoron yarns which will experienced the preservation by the extracts of papaya leaves, guava leaves and betel leaves that were soaked in the equal concentration. The Breaking strength of yarns that used betel leaves in 10 days of drying times are higher than the yarns with both of the other extracts. It is caused by the tanin degree of betel leaves is higher than the other extracts, that is amount 20% of tanin degree. By the computation of ANAVA test obtained the result Fhit > Ftab, sig < 0,01, it means that there are the differences of Tetoron yarns breaking strength with different extracts soaking and drying times