Влијанието на медицинскиот статус врз имплантниот успех

Денталната имплантологија како дел од денталната медицина, претставува современа наука која се занимава со поставување на дентални импланти, на место каде што недостасуваат еден или повеќе заби. Истата овозможува рехабилитација на забниот низ, подобрување на естетика, функција, мастикација и оклузија. За оваа цел се користат денталните импланти, од различни производители, со различна форма, дијаметар, големи и должина. Денталните импланти се изработени од титаниум, или легури на истиот. Постојат трудови и научни истражувања кои имаат докажано дека терапијата која ја примаат пациентите пред и за време на имплантација влијае на успехот, односно неуспехот на денталното имплантирање. Во оваа студија ние тоа го докажавме со помош на Електрохемиски техники, спроведени експерименти врз серија од дентални импланти. Целта на ова предавање е да се прикажат информации за: Активноста на денталните имплатни и евентуалните причини за корозија Влијанието на активни компоненти во дадени лекарства (антихипертензиви) врз активноста и eлектрохемиските својства на денталните импланти. Влијанието на концентрацијата на хемиски системи што се користат во денталната медицина(водороден пероксид, хипохлориди) врз својствата на денталните импланти. Како работни техники се користени: циклична волтаметрија, квадратно бранова волтаметрија, електрохемиска импедансна спектроскопија

The power saliva in diagnostic oral disease

Abstract: Saliva is an extracellular fluid produced and secreted by the salivary glands in the mouth. In humans, saliva is about 99% water, plus electrolytes, mucus, white blood cells, epithelial cells (from which dna can be extracted), enzymes (such as lipase and amylase), antimicrobial agents (such as secretory Iga and lysozymes) . Saliva is an important diagnostic method, it helps in determining certain disorders/diseases of the orofacial system. Some bad habits such as smoking increase the secretion of saliva most likely as a result of a defense mechanism of chemical irritation. Of the enzymes, amylase has a role to clean the oral cavity, and also a protective role against caries. Role of saliva in remineralization Remineralization is directly dependent on the presence of ions in saliva. Supersaturation of saliva represents a barrier to demineralization and is a necessary prerequisite for the remineralization process. Also, the degree of saliva secretion depends on the feeling of fear, damage to the salivary glands from radiation to the head and neck, tumor of these glands, thyroid gland deficiency or when using drugs that, as one of the side effects, also have an antisialogogonic effect . Supersaturation of saliva represents a barrier to demineralization and is a necessary prerequisite for the remineralization process. Buffer systems affect the possibility of neutralization of ingested or generated acids. Bicarbonate is the most important buffering system in saliva. Thanks to the physical, chemical and antibacterial properties of saliva. Saliva is an ion reservoir, a buffer and has an antimicrobial effect. It helps in digestion, dissolving food residues, acts as a solvent allowing food to interact with the gustatory papillae, maintains water balance and rinses away food residues. Physical protection - The role of saliva in the physical protection of soft tissues is based primarily on its role of lubrication, soaking the oral mucosa, and at the same time it moistens the food and helps in the formation of the bolus and its swallowing. The clearance of carbohydrates from the mouth takes place in two phases. Fast clearance in the first 6 min, then clearance is slower. The clearance of fluorides is much slower than the clearance of sugars, because fluorides have the ability to bind to hard tissues. Key words: antimicrobial, demineralization, diagnostic, protection, saliva. Field: Medical sciences and Healt

Impact of contamination cleanliness of the implant surface review paper

Dental implantology, as a part of dental medicine, is a modern science that deals with the placement of dental implants in a place where one or more teeth are missing, enabling the rehabilitation of the stomatognathic system, improving aesthetics, function, and occlusion. For this purpose, dental implants are used, from different manufacturers, with different shapes, diameters, sizes, and lengths. Important and desirable properties of the materials used for implant placement are: biocompatibility, bio inertness, bio functionality and bio adhesion. Implant companies always advertise a 95-99% success rate on their implants for their implantology system. Very rarely they talk about implant failure. The purpose of this paper is to indicate the influence of the implant surface modifications (the microtopography and micro design of the implants) on the osseointegration process success as well as the long- term success of the implant-prosthetic rehabilitation. There are differences between manufacturers in terms of materials and metal alloys they use in the implant production process, the type of surface of the implants, but also in the way they are cleaned and prevent possible contamination before they are put on sale. In this study, several types of implants, their surface characteristics, and the possible influence of contaminated implant surfaces on the success/failure of the implant were analyzed. To achieve the set goal, an electron microscope was used, which will allow a detailed analysis of the surface of the implants in three implant zones: apical, midline and implant neck. A scanning electron microscope sem is a type of electron microscope that produces images of a sample by scanning its surface with a focused beam of electrons. Keywords: implants, materials, success, surface, types

Bone augmentation with xenograft and non resorptive membrane - case report

Introduction: Bone grafting is used where we have a defect, i.e. in the place where bone is missing, while enabling the formation of new bone through a process of tissue regeneration. With the progress of implantology, i.e. with the demand for implants, artificial bone is used more and more today. After tooth loss, bone resorption is irreversible, leaving the area without adequate bone volume for successful implant treatment. Bone grafting is the only solution to reverse dental bone loss and is a well-accepted procedure required in one in every four dental implants. Aim: The purpose of this poster presentation is to present the benefits of bone augmentation and non- resorptive membrane on a patient before placing dental implants. Case report: The patient was a 56-year-old man, healthy, without chronic diseases and without oral diseases, with good oral hygiene. For this purpose, we used plexus anesthesia after that we made an incision and flap to the place where we put the bone and membrane. We have used xenograft artificial bone and non-resorptive membrane from bottis. A xenograft is a bone substitute that has an origin other than human and bovine. They are usually distributed as a calcified matrix. Conclusion: In the past period, with the advancement of technology and new sophisticated materials for bone augmentation, problems with bone loss are being solved. Bone augmentation with artificial bone has a significant role in the repair of bone defects in the maxillofacial region. Key words: Augmentation, artificial bone, graft, membrane

Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation method in patients with xerostomia

Patients with salivary gland hypofunction typically complain of dry mouth, difficulty chewing, swallowing and/or speaking; they hardly tolerate spicy, acidic, and crunchy food and often report taste changes or difficulty wearing dentures. It can also increase the chance of developing dental decay, demineralization of teeth, tooth sensitivity, and oral infections. The goals of treating xerostomia include identifying possible causes, relieving discomfort, and preventing complications. In this study, we investigate the most effective frequency to increase salivary secretion, without side effects on the skin and orofacial structures. Transcutaneous electric nerve stimulation (TENS) is a simple, inexpensive, and non-invasive modality that uses electric current to activate nerves for therapeutic reasons. It is a non-pharmacological method of pain management for which it is widely used. The application of electric impulses to one or more of the three components of the salivary reflex arch should theoretically improve salivary secretion and lessen the various long-term effects of hyposalivation. For this study a total of 23 published studies in the last 10 years were analyzed. The study is made on narrative review of the published articles that go into the related subject, evaluation of the impact of a transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) system on patients' dry mouth and salivary flow rates. The TENS unit was effective in increasing the quantity of stimulated saliva and was also found to be more effective in increasing saliva in diabetic individuals. From the results of the study, it can be concluded that TENS was effective in increasing the salivary flow rate in hyposalivatory patients with residual saliva

Денталните ласери- предизвик на современата стоматологија

Ласерската технологија станува сè попопуларна во стоматологијата во последните неколку децении. Денталните ласери поседуваат мноштво на индикации кои се изведуваат во секојдневата стоматолошка пракса, вклучувајќи третман на пародонталните заболувања (ласерите може да се користат за отстранување на инфламираното гингивално и пародонтално ткиво и за промовирање на растот на здравото ткиво); отстранување на каризоните лезии(ласерите може да се користат за отстранување на кариесот на забите, без употреба од анестезија); белење на заби (ласерите може да се користат за активирање на средствата за белење и подобрување на ефикасноста на третманите за белење на забите); за изведување на биопсија(ласерите може да се користат за отстранување на мали примероци од ткиво за биопсија); процедури на меките орални ткива(Ласерите може да се користат за преобликување или отстранување на ткивото на непцата за да се подобри изгледот на насмевката). Најважни за споменување се придобивките од употребата на ласери во стоматологијата од кои најзначајни се намалена болка и непријатност кај пациентот, намалено крварење и побрзо време на заздравување. Ласерите исто така можат да бидат попрецизни од традиционалните стоматолошки алатки, што овозможува значително поконзервативен третман. Клучни зборови: безболно, ефикасност, прецизност, ласер, третман

An in vitro evaluation of leakage after obturation with 3 different sealers and Thermafil obturator

Introduction: Obturation techniques require endodontic sealer and gutta-percha, which fills most of the endodontic space. No optimal sealer material was identified to complete the requires of endodontic obturation. Aims: The aim of this in vitro study is to evaluate the leakage after obturation with sealer and Termafil obturator. Materials and Methods: A total number of 30 human onerooted extracted teeth were included in this study. The teeth were preserved in normal saline after extraction. The crown at the cement-enamel junction was removed. The canal length and glide path was formed with hand K-file (Dentsply, Maillefer, Ballaigues, Switzerland) No. 15. There were 3 experimental groups according to the sealers used. They were instrumented with Pro Taper Gold Rotary system (Dentsply, Maillefer) according to the manufacturer’s instruction. After the protocol of irrigation with sodium hypochlorite, chlorhexidine gluconate and EDTA the groups were obturated with sealers. 1 group (n=10 teeth): obturated with Endometasone N + Thermafil obturator 2 group (n=10 teeth): obturated with Ah plus + Thermafil obturator 3 group (n=10teeth): obturated with GJC + Thermafil obturator The samples were placed in 2 % methylene blue solution for 2 days, washed under water, dried and were longitudinally sectioned in a vertical direction. Results and discussion: Tested group opturated with Thermafil obturator and Endometasone N showed higher percentage of leakage than others. Conclusions: The results have shown that all tested group have a percentage of leakage, but the group with glass ionomer sealer in combination with Thermafil obturator has shown the least leakage. Keywords: Ah plus, Endometasone N, GJC, Thermafil opturator, Thermaprep Plus

Principles and applications of oral ElectroSurgery

Electrosurgery is a good alternative to the scalpel or lasers for soft tissue management and would be the method of choice. Oral electrosurgery is widely accepted throughout the world and has a broad spectrum of clinical applications. Once the clinician understands the nature of the different waveforms and how electrosurgical technology relates to clinical results, a comfort level will be achieved making clinical applications safe, predictable and easy. Electrosurgery can be used instead of the scalpel to cut soft tissues, with the goal of reducing hemorrhage. Electrosurgery alludes to the delivery of thermal energy in the form of an alternating current in the radiofrequency range from an electrical generator to the probe tip and the tissues. The heat generated in the tissue depends on the current intensity, the distance from this tissue to the electrode tip, and the period during which the RF energy is delivered. Electrosurgery is the passage of high frequency radio waves (RF energy) into soft tissue resulting in a variety of clinical effects, including cutting, cutting and coagulation at the same time, coagulation or tissue destruction. Because of the resistance offered by the tissue to the incoming RF energy, the tissue heats up. The electrode tip never gets hot. In actuality, the water in the cells is boiled causing the cells to explode. Radiosurgery has also become an unofficial but accepted term referring to electrosurgery instruments that fall into the higher frequency range of 3-4 mHz (3-4 million cycles per second). Study by Maness et al. in 1978 concluded that higher frequency electrosurgical units produce less tissue alteration than those instruments with frequencies under 2 mHz. Higher frequency units produce less lateral heat and, therefore, less tissue alteration. The optimal frequency appears to be in the 3-4 mHz range. There are numerous indications for oral electrosurgery and some include bleeding control, cosmetic elongation of clinical crowns, soft tissue management during crown and bridge procedures, biopsies, frenectomies, pulpotomies, collecting tissue for gingival grafts, incisions or excisions and tissue contouring. The main goal of this study is to highlight the principles and benefits of electrosurgery application. Electrosurgery can never completely replace the scalpel, but it requires more knowledge, skill and complete understanding of the biophysical aspects of the interaction of electrosurgical energy and tissue. Continued research into the field of tissue interaction is promised and potential development of applications of electrosurgery. Key words: Electrosurgery, bipolar, incision, hemostasis, coagulation, soft tissue management, wound healing

Biomechanical behavior of EndoSonics

Endosonics is used for root canal instrumentation and disinfection. An EndoSonics insert is designed to shaping and allow the traditional endodontic irrigant, sodium hypochlorite, to pass through and along the endo-sonic files. The irrigant is activated by the ultrasonic energy imparted from the energized instruments and the root canal becomes an ultrasonic bath. The ultrasonic tip vibrates at a high frequency and produces acoustic streaming and cavitation, which helps to dislodge and remove the organic and inorganic part of the smear layer and gram+ and gram – bacteria from endodontic system. This review of the literature aims at presenting the biomechanical work of endosonic in endo cavity and its clinical applications in a modern-day endodontic practice. The following electronic databases were searched: PubMed, Web of Sciences, Embase, Medscape, Web of Science and Cochrane Library. This study is based on review on published articles written in English language, reporting results related to biomechanical work of EndoSonics. The articles are full reading text, with no publication date restriction. After implementation of inclusion and exclusion criteria, from the total 104 articles, 82 articles were discarded and only 22 articles were taken for detailed analysis. A number of researchers have shown that ultrasonically assisted irrigation improves the cleaning efficiency in root canal treatments. In the study of Joyce et al., specially made endosonic dies and diamond instruments are energized by means of a Cavitron ultrasound generator (above 20 kHz frequency). Piezoelectric units have some advantages compared with earlier magneto strictive units because they offer more cycles per second, 40 versus 24 kHz. In summary, EndoSonics is a valuable tool in the field of endodontics, as it helps to improve the effectiveness of root canal treatment while reducing the need for invasive procedures. The use of EndoSonics in endodontics provides several benefits, including improved cleaning and shaping of the root canal system, reduced treatment time and improved treatment outcomes. Additionally, EndoSonics is minimally invasive and can help preserve more of the natural tooth structure, reducing the need for more extensive dental procedure. As well as explaining the EndoSonics biomechanical work, the work provides a basis for the further development and optimization of the design of endosonic files

Evaluation of use of flexible dentures as alternative solutions for partial edentulism treatment

The aim of this study was to evaluate the use of flexible dentures as alternative solutions for partial edentulism treatment over a period of one year in the territory of the municipality of Stip, North Macedonia. This research was conducted in the period from 01.01.2018 to 31.12.2018. During this one-year period, a survey and clinical examination was carried out on a total of 60 patients wearing flexible dentures. The age of the patients who entered our research was from 29 to 70 years and were divided into three groups: G1 - from 29 to 41 years old, G2 - from 42 to 55 years and G3 - from 56 to 70 years. All subjects were clinically examined and filled out a specially made questionnaire consisted of questions related to the aesthetics, comfort and adjustability of flexible dentures, as well as the frequency and manner of maintaining oral hygiene. Results: 42% of patients belonged to age G2, 57% were male and 43% were female. 67% were satisfied with the aesthetics of flexible prostheses, and 100% with durability. 85% of the respondents were satisfied with the comfort of the flexible prostheses. 68% of subjects needed 2 weeks to adjust to the flexible prosthesis. Conclusion: Flexible dentures stand in a superior position in fulfilling the various patients’ demands for more retentive and aesthetic treatment needs