Frequencies of CD4⁺ and CD8⁺ T cells specific for HCMV proteins IE-1, pp65, gHgLpUL128L (pentamer) and gB in the naïve pool of HCMV-seronegative subjects and in the memory pool of subjects with primary or remote HCMV infection.

<p><b>A, B.</b> Frequencies of protein-specific <b>(A)</b> CD4⁺ and <b>(B)</b> CD8⁺ naïve T cells in 6 HCMV-seronegative subjects are reported. Each symbol represents an individual and horizontal black lines indicate median values. <b>C, D.</b> Frequencies of protein-specific <b>(C)</b> CD4⁺ and <b>(D)</b> CD8⁺ memory T cells in 6 patients with primary HCMV infection tested within one month and 6–12 months after infection onset. <b>E, F.</b> Frequencies of protein-specific <b>(E)</b> CD4⁺ and <b>(F)</b> CD8⁺ memory T cells in 7 subjects with remote HCMV infection are reported.</p

IL-7R^neg short-term effector _vs IL-7R^pos long-term memory T cells persistance at late time points after primary HCMV infection.

<p>Frequencies of IL-7R^pos T cells in <b>(A-B)</b> total memory and <b>(C-D)</b> HCMV-specific CD4⁺ or CD8⁺ T cells are reported. Data are from HCMV-seronegative subjects (“No infection”, n = 5, only for total memory), patients (both pregnant and non-pregnant) within 1 month (n = 25) or at 6–12 months (n = 18) after primary infection onset, and subjects with remote infection (n = 10). “HCMV-specific” indicates the sum of the single protein-specific T cells. Each symbol represents an individual and column upper limits indicate median values.</p

Characteristics of the 27 patients with primary HCMV infection.

<p>Characteristics of the 27 patients with primary HCMV infection.</p

Distribution of infants’ socio-cognitive development continuous measures: Orienting to auditory source, PC-ORI; pointing to auditory source, PC-POI; communication to auditory source, PC-COM; cumulative socio-cognitive score, SCS.

Distribution of infants’ socio-cognitive development continuous measures: Orienting to auditory source, PC-ORI; pointing to auditory source, PC-POI; communication to auditory source, PC-COM; cumulative socio-cognitive score, SCS.</p

Task overview. Note.

The order of the stimuli during the Exposure episodes was counterbalanced among subjects, keeping the alternation between human and non-human sounds. As the task was conducted with Italian mother-infant dyads, the human sounds were “Ciao” (for “Hello!”) and “Che bello!” (for “How nice!”).</p

Linear association between maternal pandemic-related stress (PRS) during pregnancy and infants’ orienting (PC-ORI), pointing (PC-POI), communication (PC-COM) at 12-month-age.

Note. All outcome variables on the y-axis are standardized (mean = 0, sd = 1). In regression model predicting PC-ORI, standardized estimate for PRS = -0.09, p = 0.41; In regression model predicting PC-POI, standardized estimate for PRS = -0.16, p = 0.16; In regression model predicting PC-COM, standardized estimate for PRS = -0.26, p = 0.02.</p

Linear association between maternal pandemic-related stress (PRS) during pregnancy and infants’ over-arching socio-cognitive score (SCS) at 12-month-age.

Note. Infant SCS scores are standardized (mean = 0, sd = 1). Standardized estimate for PRS = -0.28, p = 0.01.</p

Constrained Varimax solution for socio-cognitive behaviors principal component analysis (N = 91).

Constrained Varimax solution for socio-cognitive behaviors principal component analysis (N = 91).</p

Maternal pandemic-related stress (PRS) during pregnancy by infants’ display of communication and pointing toward auditory stimuli at 12-month-age.

Maternal pandemic-related stress (PRS) during pregnancy by infants’ display of communication and pointing toward auditory stimuli at 12-month-age.</p

Non-constrained Varimax solution for socio-cognitive behaviors principal component analysis (N = 91).

Non-constrained Varimax solution for socio-cognitive behaviors principal component analysis (N = 91).</p