Some wheat varieties behavior regarding the attack of main pathogens under climatic conditions from central area of Moldavia, Romania

Due to the attack of the main pathogens agents in the wheat crop the wheat production is not exploited at the full potential. Powdery mildew, leaf spot and rust brown leaves are considered to be the most widespread and damaging diseases of wheat. In our country, the attack of these pathogens is present every year, with different intensities and it can cause production damages ranging from 3-4% to 20%. Due to this fact, the main attention of the farmers is to cultivate resistant wheat varieties to Blumeria graminis (DC.) Speer., Septoria tritici Rob. Desm. and Puccinia recondita Rob. et Desm. The main objective of this study was to evaluate the phytosanitary condition of 24 wheat varieties cultivated in 2011-2012 at the Ezăreni didactic Farm from University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine of Iaşi, Romania, localized in the central area of Moldavia. This study contains data regarding the spread and evolution of the main pathogens that were observed at the 24 wheat varieties studied. These varieties showed different reactions to different pathogens observed in the same environmental conditions thus some of them were resistant to Blumeria graminis (DC.) Speer. and Septoria tritici Rob. ex. Desm. attack, and some recorded a disease incidence of 18.75% at the Puccinia recondita Rob. et Desm attack

Multi-messenger Observations of a Binary Neutron Star Merger

International audienceOn 2017 August 17 a binary neutron star coalescence candidate (later designated GW170817) with merger time 12:41:04 UTC was observed through gravitational waves by the Advanced LIGO and Advanced Virgo detectors. The Fermi Gamma-ray Burst Monitor independently detected a gamma-ray burst (GRB 170817A) with a time delay of $\sim 1.7\,{\rm{s}}$ with respect to the merger time. From the gravitational-wave signal, the source was initially localized to a sky region of 31 deg(2) at a luminosity distance of ${40}_{-8}^{+8}$ Mpc and with component masses consistent with neutron stars. The component masses were later measured to be in the range 0.86 to 2.26 $\,{M}_{\odot }$. An extensive observing campaign was launched across the electromagnetic spectrum leading to the discovery of a bright optical transient (SSS17a, now with the IAU identification of AT 2017gfo) in NGC 4993 (at $\sim 40\,{\rm{Mpc}}$) less than 11 hours after the merger by the One-Meter, Two Hemisphere (1M2H) team using the 1 m Swope Telescope. The optical transient was independently detected by multiple teams within an hour. Subsequent observations targeted the object and its environment. Early ultraviolet observations revealed a blue transient that faded within 48 hours. Optical and infrared observations showed a redward evolution over ∼10 days. Following early non-detections, X-ray and radio emission were discovered at the transient’s position $\sim 9$ and $\sim 16$ days, respectively, after the merger. Both the X-ray and radio emission likely arise from a physical process that is distinct from the one that generates the UV/optical/near-infrared emission. No ultra-high-energy gamma-rays and no neutrino candidates consistent with the source were found in follow-up searches. These observations support the hypothesis that GW170817 was produced by the merger of two neutron stars in NGC 4993 followed by a short gamma-ray burst (GRB 170817A) and a kilonova/macronova powered by the radioactive decay of r-process nuclei synthesized in the ejecta