3,165 research outputs found
Second Law Violations in Lovelock Gravity for Black Hole Mergers
We study the classical second law of black hole thermodynamics, for Lovelock
theories (other than General Relativity), in arbitrary dimensions. Using the
standard formula for black hole entropy, we construct scenarios involving the
merger of two black holes in which the entropy instantaneously decreases. Our
construction involves a Kaluza-Klein compactification down to a dimension in
which one of the Lovelock terms is topological. We discuss some open issues in
the definition of the second law which might be used to compensate this entropy
decrease.Comment: 15 pages, 1 figure, v2 Title change & minor revisions to match
published version, v3 fixed accidental deletion of author name
Accessibility and Usability of Government Websites in Tanzania
The government of Tanzania has been embracing information systems specifically websites in order to widen access to government services, lower administrative costs, and to increase public participation in decision making. As a result, almost every ministry, department, and agency (MDA) has developed a website of different kind. However, the majority of existing websites were developed without sufficiently considering user needs which indicates that they do have some usability and accessibility problems. This study used SortSite tool to evaluate accessibility and usability of government websites taking a sample of 22 websites. The report from the SortSite tool was then checked against the W3 WCAG accessibility standards and Section 508 guidelines, and usability issues based on the US Federal (Usability.gov) guidelines. The results show that the majority of websites have many accessibility and usability problems that hinder citizens from accessing them. This study provides recommendations on how to improve usability and accessibility of these websites
Observation of collapse of pseudospin order in bilayer quantum Hall ferromagnets
The Hartree-Fock paradigm of bilayer quantum Hall states with finite
tunneling at filling factor =1 has full pseudospin ferromagnetic order
with all the electrons in the lowest symmetric Landau level. Inelastic light
scattering measurements of low energy spin excitations reveal major departures
from the paradigm at relatively large tunneling gaps. The results indicate the
emergence of a novel correlated quantum Hall state at =1 characterized by
reduced pseudospin order. Marked anomalies occur in spin excitations when
pseudospin polarization collapses by application of in-plane magnetic fields.Comment: ReVTeX4, 4 pages, 3 EPS figure
Observation of soft magnetorotons in bilayer quantum Hall ferromagnets
Inelastic light scattering measurements of low-lying collective excitations
of electron double layers in the quantum Hall state at total filling nu_T=1
reveal a deep magnetoroton in the dispersion of charge-density excitations
across the tunneling gap. The roton softens and sharpens markedly when the
phase boundary for transitions to highly correlated compressible states is
approached. The findings are interpreted with Hartree-Fock evaluations that
link soft magnetorotons to enhanced excitonic Coulomb interactions and to
quantum phase transitions in the ferromagnetic bilayers.Comment: ReVTeX4, 4 pages, 4 EPS figure
Spectroscopy of soft modes and quantum phase transitions in coupled electron bilayers
Strongly-correlated two-dimensional electrons in coupled semiconductor
bilayers display remarkable broken symmetry many-body states under accessible
and controllable experimental conditions. In the cases of continuous quantum
phase transitions soft collective modes drive the transformations that link
distinct ground states of the electron double layers. In this paper we consider
results showing that resonant inelastic light scattering methods detect soft
collective modes of the double layers and probe their evolution with
temperature and magnetic field. The light scattering experiments offer venues
of research of fundamental interactions and continuous quantum phase
transitions in low-dimensional electron liquids.Comment: 10 pages, 7 figure
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