Outside the pale : a collective insight into the worded illumination of experience

Poetry is spontaneous utterance. When a poet is presenting his/her poems, it is a movement that lives in its own existence; likewise, a poem lives as itself. To constantly become his/her self, the poet seeks limits, surpasses them, then discovers and surpasses yet newer ones, much like storming the gates of hell to reveal that evil exists in the mind. Poetry is a means of realizing, then transcending, the personal self; it demands of the poet a commitment to live with the utmost passion inherent in his/her self to live life deeply, directly, and dare to feel, to dance and celebrate the passing moment for all it is worth, to laugh the wild, free laugh of humanity. As a poet, I realize that my primary function is to move the individual to enable his/her self to identify with another\u27s life, or vision, to make its own what it is not and yet is capable of being. From outside the pale, I attempt to provoke people to look outside of themselves, to deliver them from the limited ways in which they see and feel, so that they may glimpse a divine sensibility latent in their unconscious mind, a sensibility which must be rendered attainable through words. Poetry, then, is somewhat of an incantation to another, freer, purer realm: a dimension of sometimes painful awareness open to all who refuse to live life on the surface alone. While a 553892 ii poet--along with painting, dance, theatre, film, poetry~is a process him/herself, the permanent function of art is, for me, to recreate as every individual\u27s experience the fullness of humanity at large: the collective, ultimately the divine. If this process is to transform my poetry to associations beyond its themes, each poem must build to a realization of mood rather than a sequence of events; thus, the thought that has gone into the poems is primarily pictorial and not explanatory, impressionist and not analytic. This thesis is a fragment of process; with the poems that follow, I am saying, as a poet, this is where I am now. Not yesterday. Not tomorrow. Yet it is a chapter now closed, and it is every bit as important by itself as it will be for the chapters, down the road, to follow

Nitrogen oxides, regional transport, and ozone air quality: Results of a regional-scale model for the midwestern United States

An overview of the role of NO x in the formation of rural O 3 , regional transport and its potential impact on urban air quality is presented. An analysis of a specific O 3 excursion in southeast Michigan (8-2-90) is performed based on a combined urban and regional-scale model. The regional component of the model represents transport and photochemistry from sources as far away as Texas. Results suggest that rural O 3 and regional transport sensitive to NO x emissions and relatively insensitive to changes in volatile organic carbon (VOC) emissions. This differs from the situation in urban areas, where O 3 is sensitive to both NO x and VOC. Regional transport and upwind NO x emissions have a significant impact on peak O 3 in Detroit. Implications for urban and regional-scale abatement strategies are discussed.Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/43908/1/11270_2004_Article_BF00480817.pd

A review and synthesis of monoterpene speciation from forests in the United States

The monoterpene composition (emission and tissue internal concentration) of major forest tree species in the United States is discussed. Of the 14 most commonly occurring compounds (α-pinene, β-pinene, Δ3-carene, d-limonene, camphene, myrcene, α-terpinene, β-phellandrene, sabinene, ρ-cymene, ocimene, α-thujene, terpinolene, and γ-terpinene), the first six are usually found to be most abundant. Expected regional variability based on the monoterpene composition fingerprints and corresponding tree species distribution and abundance is examined. In the southeast, a-pinene and β-pinene seem to dominate monoterpene emissions, while in the northern forests emissions are distributed more evenly among the six major compounds. In some parts of western forests, β-pinene and Δ3-carene can be more abundant than α-pinene. Among the other eight compounds, β-phellandrene and sabinene occasionally are significant percentages of expected local monoterpene emissions. Ocimene and ρ-cymene are estimated to be more common in regions dominated by deciduous broadleaf forests, although total emission rates are generally lower for these forests relative to those dominated by conifers. These percentages are compared with monoterpene composition measured in ambient air at various sites. Estimated monoterpene emission composition based on local forest species composition agrees fairly well with ambient measurements for the six major compounds. The past assumption that α-pinene composes approximately 50% of total monoterpene emissions appears reasonable for many areas, except for possibly the northern coniferous forests and some areas in the west dominated by true firs, spruce, and western pines (lodgepole and ponderosa pines). The oxygenated monoterpenes such as camphor, bornyl acetate, and cineole often compose high percentages of the monoterpenes within plant tissues, but are much less abundant in emission samples. Even after adjusting for lower vapor pressures of these compounds, emission rates relative to the hydrocarbon monoterpenes are often lower than would be expected from their internal concentrations. More study is warranted on monoterpene emission rates and composition, especially from the spruces, true firs, hemlocks, cedars, and some deciduous species such as the maples. Non-invasive canopy level and whole ecosystem flux studies are also needed to establish uncertainty estimates for monoterpene emission models. © 2000 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved

A review and synthesis of monoterpene speciation from forests in the United States

The monoterpene composition (emission and tissue internal concentration) of major forest tree species in the United States is discussed. Of the 14 most commonly occurring compounds (α-pinene, β-pinene, Δ3-carene, d-limonene, camphene, myrcene, α-terpinene, β-phellandrene, sabinene, ρ-cymene, ocimene, α-thujene, terpinolene, and γ-terpinene), the first six are usually found to be most abundant. Expected regional variability based on the monoterpene composition fingerprints and corresponding tree species distribution and abundance is examined. In the southeast, a-pinene and β-pinene seem to dominate monoterpene emissions, while in the northern forests emissions are distributed more evenly among the six major compounds. In some parts of western forests, β-pinene and Δ3-carene can be more abundant than α-pinene. Among the other eight compounds, β-phellandrene and sabinene occasionally are significant percentages of expected local monoterpene emissions. Ocimene and ρ-cymene are estimated to be more common in regions dominated by deciduous broadleaf forests, although total emission rates are generally lower for these forests relative to those dominated by conifers. These percentages are compared with monoterpene composition measured in ambient air at various sites. Estimated monoterpene emission composition based on local forest species composition agrees fairly well with ambient measurements for the six major compounds. The past assumption that α-pinene composes approximately 50% of total monoterpene emissions appears reasonable for many areas, except for possibly the northern coniferous forests and some areas in the west dominated by true firs, spruce, and western pines (lodgepole and ponderosa pines). The oxygenated monoterpenes such as camphor, bornyl acetate, and cineole often compose high percentages of the monoterpenes within plant tissues, but are much less abundant in emission samples. Even after adjusting for lower vapor pressures of these compounds, emission rates relative to the hydrocarbon monoterpenes are often lower than would be expected from their internal concentrations. More study is warranted on monoterpene emission rates and composition, especially from the spruces, true firs, hemlocks, cedars, and some deciduous species such as the maples. Non-invasive canopy level and whole ecosystem flux studies are also needed to establish uncertainty estimates for monoterpene emission models. © 2000 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved

Temporal variability in basal isoprene emission factor.

Seasonal variability in basal isoprene emission factor (&mgr;g C g(-1) h(-1) or nmol m(-2) s(-1), leaf temperature at 30 degrees C and photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) at 1000 &mgr;mol m(-2) s(-1)) was studied during the 1998 growing season at Duke Forest in the North Carolina Piedmont. Emissions from eight upper-canopy white oak (Quercus alba L.) leaves were measured periodically from the onset of isoprene emission on Day of Year (DOY) 119 (April 29) to leaf senescence in late October (DOY 299). Emissions from four leaves were measured under basal conditions with a controlled-environment cuvette system equipped with 10-ml gas-tight syringes and a reduction gas detector. Emissions from the other four leaves were measured under ambient conditions with the same system. Emission rates from the four leaves measured under ambient conditions were adjusted to basal conditions based on the PAR and leaf temperature algorithms of Guenther et al. (1993). The seasonal onset of isoprene emission was in agreement with previous studies where cumulative degree days from the date of the last spring frost were used to estimate bud break, leaf expansion, and increase in basal emission factor (EF). Between DOY 141 (May 21) and 240 (August 28), mean meteorological conditions 6 to 18 h prior to the EF measurements (ambient PAR and temperature) explained up to 78% of the variability in mean basal EF between measurement periods. Summertime mean isoprene emission potential was reached on DOY 141 (May 21) and was maintained until DOY 240 (August 28), when isoprene emission began to decline monotonically as leaf senescence approached. The mean value for leaves measured under ambient conditions and adjusted to basal conditions for DOY 141-240 was 75.6 &mgr;g C g(-1) h(-1) (74.2-79.1), whereas the mean value for leaves measured under basal conditions was 72.9 &mgr;g C g(-1) h(-1) (64.7-88.9). Between DOY 141 and 240, daily mean isoprene EFs varied from 54 to 96 &mgr;g C g(-1) h(-1) (27 to 49 nmol m(-2) s(-1)). In agreement with previous work at this and other sites, basal isoprene emission rates of fully exposed leaves at the crown apex of this tree were about 20% higher than those of the selected leaves. The length of the period prior to measurement of isoprene emission, during which meteorology was correlated with basal EF, appeared to be related to the timing and periodicity of meteorological change, and probably explains quantitative differences in the length of this period among studies. The empirical equation that we derived for this effect explained variability in midday EFs at the study site, but its general applicability remains to be tested. Strong diurnal changes in EF (as high as a factor of 2) are implied in this study, and should be examined further

Uncommon presentations of a neurosurgical site infection: impaired wound healing with hypergranulation and crust formation

Hypergranulation and crust formation after cranial neurosurgery is rare. We report three patients with an uncommon form of hypergranulation with extensive crust formation after cranial neurosurgery, associated with a St. Aureus infection of the scalp, and propose that this is a form of pyogenic dermatitis, as is commonly seen among domestic animals with a coat of fur. It can be treated conservatively. We propose a treatment algorithm