Association of heart rate with all-cause, cardiovascular and respiratory mortality in 405 patients with a diagnosis of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.

<p>Heart rate was categorised in steps of 10 bpm, when analysed as a continuous variable. In total, 310 patients had a heart rate ≤80 bpm and 95 patients had a heart rate >80 bpm.</p><p>COPD: chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, HR: hazard ratio, CI: confidence interval, bpm: beats per minute.</p>1<p>Adjusted for sex, and age.</p>2<p>Adjusted for sex, age, pack-years of smoking, FEV1, and use of cardiovascular drugs (β-blockers excluded).</p>3<p>One patient was censored before the earliest event in this stratum occurred and therefore excluded from analysis.</p>4<p>Adjusted for sex, age, history of cardiovascular disease, use of cardiovascular medication (β-blockers excluded), and β-blockers.</p>5<p>Adjusted for sex, age, pack-years of smoking, and FEV1(% predicted).</p><p>Association of heart rate with all-cause, cardiovascular and respiratory mortality in 405 patients with a diagnosis of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.</p

Baseline characteristics of the 405 patients with a diagnosis of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), divided in those with a heart rate of 80 bpm or lower versus those with a heart rate above 80 bpm.

<p>Values are means (SD) for continuous variables, absolute numbers (percentages) for dichotomous variables and median (25–75 percentile) for skewed distributed variables.</p><p>SD: standard deviation, N: number, COPD: chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, FEV1: forced expiratory volume in 1 second, FVC: forced vital capacity, bpm: beats per minute, GOLD: global initiative for chronic obstructive lung disease, ms: milliseconds.</p>1<p>Body mass index: 4 missing, mean RR: 2 missing.</p>2<p>Including prior myocardial infarction, angina pectoris, coronary artery bypass grafting, percutaneous coronary intervention, atrial fibrillation, supraventricular tachycardia, ventricular fibrillation, ventricular tachycardia, other cardiac arrhythmias, stroke, transient cerebral ischemic attack, peripheral arterial disease, or aortic aneurysm.</p>3<p>Including diuretics, digoxin, calcium channel-antagonists, anti-arrhythmics, platelet aggregation inhibitors, ACE inhibitors, angiotensin II receptor blockers, nitrates and statins.</p><p>Baseline characteristics of the 405 patients with a diagnosis of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), divided in those with a heart rate of 80 bpm or lower versus those with a heart rate above 80 bpm.</p

Time-dependent analysis with adjusted hazard ratios (HR) for all-cause mortality according to β-blocker use in subgroups of patients with a diagnosis of acute bronchitis.

<p>Abbreviations: HR, hazard ratio; CI, Confidence interval.</p>†<p>Overt cardiovascular disease was defined as ischemic heart disease, heart failure, peripheral arterial disease, or stroke during follow-up.</p>§<p>COPD was defined as a diagnosis of COPD (clinically or based on spirometry) during follow-up.</p

Association of heart rate with non-fatal respiratory complications (pneumonia or exacerbation) in 402¹ patients with a diagnosis of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.

<p>Heart rate was categorised in steps of 10 bpm, when analysed as a continuous variable. In total 310 patients had a heart rate ≤80 bpm and 95 patients had a heart rate >80 bpm.</p><p>COPD: chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, HR: hazard ratio, CI: confidence interval, bpm: beats per minute.</p>1<p>Two patients were excluded as they were censored before the earliest event occurred. In one patient we had no follow-up data.</p>2<p>Adjusted for sex, and age.</p>3<p>Adjusted for sex, age, pack-years of smoking, FEV1 (% predicted), use of cardiovascular drugs (β-blockers excluded), and β-blockers.</p><p>Association of heart rate with non-fatal respiratory complications (pneumonia or exacerbation) in 402^{<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0105152#nt117" target="_blank">1</a>} patients with a diagnosis of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.</p

Mortality and exacerbations/pneumonia in 405 patients with a diagnosis of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), divided in those with a heart rate of 80 bpm or lower versus those with a heart rate above 80 bpm.

<p>Values are absolute numbers (percentages).</p>1<p>pneumonia and/or exacerbation.</p><p>Mortality and exacerbations/pneumonia in 405 patients with a diagnosis of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), divided in those with a heart rate of 80 bpm or lower versus those with a heart rate above 80 bpm.</p

Time-dependent analysis with adjusted hazard ratios (HR) for all-cause mortality according to calcium channel blocker, ACE inhibitor or angiotensin receptor blocker, or statin use in subgroups of patients with a diagnosis of acute bronchitis.

<p>Abbreviations: HR, hazard ratio; CI, Confidence interval.</p>†<p>Overt cardiovascular disease was defined as ischemic heart disease, heart failure, peripheral arterial disease, or stroke during follow-up.</p>§<p>COPD was defined as a diagnosis of COPD (clinically or based on spirometry) during follow-up.</p

Characteristics of 4,493 patients 45 years or older with a diagnosis of acute bronchitis according to β-blocker use.

<p>Values are in numbers and percentages unless stated otherwise.</p><p>Abbreviation: NA; not applicable.</p>*<p>At study entry.</p>**<p>based on t-test or Fisher exact test as appropriate.</p>§<p>Aldosterone antagonists are spironolactone and eplerenone.</p

Crude and adjusted hazard ratios (HR) for all-cause mortality according to β-blocker use in 4,493 patients aged 45 years or over with a diagnosis of acute bronchitis.

<p>Adjusted HRs based on Cox proportional hazards were calculated step by step after adjustment for age, sex, diabetes, hypertension, cardiovascular diseases, other cardiovascular drugs than the one under study, COPD, use of pulmonary drugs.</p><p>Cardiovascular drugs include β-blockers, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, angiotensin receptor blockers, aldosterone antagonists, statins, digoxin, loop and thiazide diuretics, nitrates, aspirin and clopidrogel, vitamin-K antagonists, and calcium channel blockers.</p><p>Pulmonary drugs include inhalers of β2-agonists, anticholinergic agents, corticosteroids, and oral xanthine derivates.</p

Comparison of reporting of essential information in NI trials.

<p>Comparison of reporting of essential information in NI trials.</p

Crude and adjusted hazard ratios (HR) for mortality according to statin use, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor or angiotensin receptor blocker use, and calcium channel antagonists use in 4,493 patients with a diagnosis of acute bronchitis.

<p>Abbreviations: CCB; calcium channel blocker, ACE-I; angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor, ARB; angiotensin receptor blocker, COPD; chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.</p><p>Adjusted HRs based on Cox proportional hazards were calculated step by step after adjustment for age, sex, diabetes, hypertension, cardiovascular diseases, other cardiovascular drugs than the one under study, COPD, use of pulmonary drugs.</p><p>Cardiovascular drugs include β-blockers, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, angiotensin receptor blockers, aldosterone antagonists, statins, digoxin, loop and thiazide diuretics, nitrates, aspirin and clopidrogel, vitamin-K antagonists, and calcium channel blockers.</p><p>Pulmonary drugs include inhalers of β2-agonists, anticholinergic agents, corticosteroids, and oral xanthine derivates.</p