Prevalence of the various neurological gait disorders.

<p>The table lists No (#) and Total No (§). No (#) stands for gait disorders, which were single entities in 81 subjects and multiple gait disorders due to combinations of different entities in 36 subjects. Total No (§) stands for the total number of subjects presenting with a specific gait disorder. For the subjects with multiple gait disorders their contributors are listed additionally in the legend (see ^a). E.g. there are 22 subjects who presented with sensory ataxia as a single neurological gait disorder [i.e. No (#)] and another 24 subject with a sensory ataxic gait in combination with other neurological gait disorders adding up to a total of 46 subjects with this gait abnormality [i.e. Total No (§)].Abbreviations: GD, gait disorders.</p>a<p>Contributors to multiple neurological GD (No.): Sensory ataxic (24), higher level (22), parkinsonian (15), paretic/hypotonic (8), cerebellar ataxic (3), vestibular ataxic (2), dyskinetic (3), spastic (1);</p>b<p>Diagnosed in the presence of neuropathic symptoms (numbness, altered sensation, or pain in the feet) and neurologic signs (decreased ankle reflexes, decreased distal sensation, and disturbed vibration sense) according to current criteria <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0069627#pone.0069627-England1" target="_blank">[30]</a>;</p>c<p>Subjects with a parkinsonian syndrome not fulfilling criteria for definite Parkinson’s disease <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0069627#pone.0069627-Litvan1" target="_blank">[13]</a>;</p>d<p>With core gait features of a slow, wide base gait with short steps like ‘walking on ice’ <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0069627#pone.0069627-Snijders1" target="_blank">[3]</a>.</p

Odds ratios of recurrent falls for the various types of gait disorders and gait speed.

<p>Abbreviations: GD, Gait disorders; OR, odds ratios.</p><p>OR are calculated by logistic regression analysis and corrected for age, gender and MMSE-scores.</p>a<p>Numbers too low in the respective category for the calculation of the ORs.</p>b<p>For continuous variables ORs were calculated for a one standard deviation unit change in variable levels in order to render odds comparable.</p

Association of gait disorders and neurological gait disorders with quality of life.

<p>Abbreviations: GD, Gait disorders.</p><p>The self administered WHO Quality of Life-BREF questionnaire assesses the general quality of life and health as well as the QoL in the four domains physical health, psychological health, social relationships, and environment. Results are reported in mean transformed scores (where 100 points represent maximum of respective item, ± standard deviation); P values refer to differences to the group without GD and are corrected for age and gender.</p

Prevalence of gait disorders, according to sex and age.

<p>Abbreviations: GD, gait disorders.</p>a<p>Significance for sex difference: p = 0.053;</p>b<p>significance for age trends: p<0.001.</p

Association of age, gender, cognition and mood with gait disorders, neurological gait disorders and recurrent falls.

<p>Abbreviations: MMSE, Mini Mental State Examination; BDI, Beck Depression Inventory; HADS, Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale; OR, odds ratio.</p><p>ORs are calculated by logistic regression analysis. For continuous variables (age, MMSE, BDI, and HADS) ORs were calculated for a one standard deviation unit change in variable levels in order to render odds comparable.</p

Measures of carotid and femoral artery atherosclerosis according to CRP tertile groups in the Bruneck Study.

<p>Values presented are means±SD. Analyses were conducted in the entire population (All) and separately in those free of CVD (No CVD). P values are for trend and derived from age/sex-adjusted and multivariable (adjustment see <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0031474#pone-0031474-t003" target="_blank">Table 3</a>) linear regression analysis of each variable on log_e-transformed PTX3 level. P values in brackets are those from the multivariable models. AS, atherosclerosis score.</p

Population characteristics according to PTX3 tertile groups in the Bruneck Study.

a<p>Values presented are means±SD, medians (IQR) or numbers (%).</p>b<p>P values are for trend and derived from age- and sex-adjusted linear or logistic regression analysis of each variable on log_e-transformed PTX3 level. When correcting for multiple testing, a P value<0.002 <b>(in bold)</b> indicates statistical significance (Bonferroni adjustment).</p><p>Urinary ACR – Urinary albumin-to-creatinine ratio; hsCRP – high-sensitivity C-reactive Protein; MMP-9 – matrix metalloproteinase-9; G-CSF – granulocyte colony stimulating factor; SDF-1 – stromal cell-derived factor-1; VEGF – vascular endothelial growth factor.</p

Logistic regression analysis of PTX3 level on prevalent vascular diseases.

<p>Odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were calculated per 1 unit increase in log-transformed PTX3. Black squares denote ORs adjusted for sex and age, gray squares mark ORs adjusted for age, sex, HDL, LDL-cholesterol, smoking, diabetes, hypertension, body mass index and waist circumference. ^a adjusted for age and sex. ^b adjusted for age, sex, HDL, LDL-cholesterol, smoking, diabetes, hypertension, body mass index and waist circumference. ^c composite endpoint of stroke, TIA, myocardial infarction, peripheral artery disease, definite angina and previous revascularization procedures.</p

Contribution of PTX3 and C-reactive protein level or the combination of the two to the risk prediction of prevalent cardiovascular disease.

<p>*The multivariable logistic regression model was adjusted c. The composite cardiovascular endpoint subsumes all cases of ischemic stroke, TIA, myocardial infarction, peripheral artery disease, definite angina and previous revascularization procedures (n = 95).</p>†<p>Variable chi-square is the 1-degree-of-freedom likelihood ratio chi-square statistic with P values for inclusion of each variable separately to the multivariable base model, with larger values indicating greater improvement in fit. The+sign indicates the addition of either PTX3 level, or C-reactive protein level, or both to the base model considering standard risk factors.</p>‡<p>The calibration P values was calculated with the Hosmer-Lemeshow calibration statistics comparing observed and predicted risk in decile categories of predicted risk. Higher values for the calibration P value reflect better fit.</p>§<p>The C statistic represents the area under the receiver-operating-characteristic curve. Higher values for the C statistic reflect better fit.</p>#<p>non normally distributed PTX3 and hsCRP levels were log-transformed.</p

Measures of carotid and femoral artery atherosclerosis according to PTX3 tertile groups in the Bruneck Study.

<p>Values presented are means±SD. Analyses were conducted in the entire population (All) and separately in those free of CVD (No CVD). P values are for trend and derived from age/sex-adjusted and multivariable (adjustment for age, sex, diabetes, hypertension, HDL and LDL cholesterol, smoking body mass index and waist circumference) linear regression analysis of each variable on log_e-transformed PTX3 level. P values in brackets are those from the multivariable models. AS, atherosclerosis score.</p