Das Problem der Staateninsolvenz - mögliche Lösungsansätze

Grundidee dieser Arbeit ist die Annahme, dass kein Finanzsystem auf Dauer funktionieren kann, wenn es nicht über ein funktionierendes Insolvenzrecht verfügt. Für Privatpersonen und Unternehmen gibt es bereits seit Jahrtausenden entsprechende Mechanismen und Regeln. Wie die Historie und insbesondere die jüngste Krise zeigen, können aber auch Souveräne zahlungsunfähig werden. Gegenwärtig gibt es aber noch kein abgeschlossenes Reglement, welches den Insolvenzfall eines staatlichen Schuldners regelt. Gegenstand dieser Arbeit ist die Untersuchung, welche Lösungsansätze es zur Bewältigung von staatlichen Schuldenkrisen gibt bzw welcher davon das größte Umsetzungspotential hat. Abschließend werden weitere völkerrechtlichen Überlegungen in Zusammenhang mit dem Staatsbankrott gebracht. Dabei werden Aspekte des Völkervertragsrechts, Staatsnotstandes und der Menschenrechte mit der Staateninsolvenz in Verbindung gebracht.The basic idea of this work is the assumption that no financial system can function permanently if it does not have a functioning bankruptcy law. For private individuals and companies, mechanisms and rules have been in place for millennia. As the history and in particular the recent crisis showed, sovereigns can also become insolvent. At the moment, however, there are still no regulations that manage the insolvency case of a sovereign debtor. Subject of this book is the investigation, which solutions are available for the management of sovereign debt crises and which of them has the largest implementation potential. Finally, further international considerations are brought in connection with the souvereign bankruptcy. Aspects of international treaty law, state emergency and human rights are associated with state insolvency.verfasst von Christoph ArneitzZusammenfassungen in Deutsch und EnglischAbweichender Titel laut Übersetzung des Verfassers/der VerfasserinKarl-Franzens-Universität Graz, Diplomarbeit, 2019(VLID)386928

The Financial Burden of Surgery for Congenital Malformations—The Austrian Perspective

Neonatal “surgical” malformations are associated with higher costs than major “non-surgical” birth defects. We aimed to analyze the financial burden on the Austrian health system of five congenital malformations requiring timely postnatal surgery. The database of the Austrian National Public Health Institute for the period from 2002 to 2014 was reviewed. Diagnosis-related group (DRG) points assigned to hospital admissions containing five congenital malformations coded as principal diagnosis (esophageal atresia, duodenal atresia, congenital diaphragmatic hernia, gastroschisis, and omphalocele) were collected and compared to all hospitalizations for other reasons. Out of 3,518,625 total hospitalizations, there were 1664 admissions of patients with the selected malformations. The annual mean number was 128 (SD 17, range 110–175). The mean cost of the congenital malformations per hospital admission expressed in DRG points was 26,588 (range 0–465,772, SD 40,702) and was significantly higher compared to the other hospitalizations (n = 3,516,961; mean DRG 2194, range 0–834,997; SD 6161; p < 0.05). Surgical conditions requiring timely postnatal surgery place a significant financial burden on the healthcare system. The creation of a dedicated national register could allow for better planning of resource allocation, for improving the outcome of affected children, and for optimizing costs

Insights into the Composition of a Co-Culture of 10 Probiotic Strains (OMNi BiOTiC® AAD10) and Effects of Its Postbiotic Culture Supernatant

Background: We aimed to gain insights in a co-culture of 10 bacteria and their postbiotic supernatant. Methods: Abundances and gene expression were monitored by shotgun analysis. The supernatant was characterized by liquid chromatography mass spectroscopy (LC-MS) and gas chromatography mass spectroscopy (GC-MS). Supernatant was harvested after 48 h (S48) and 196 h (S196). Susceptibility testing included nine bacteria and C. albicans. Bagg albino (BALBc) mice were fed with supernatant or culture medium. Fecal samples were obtained for 16S analysis. Results: A time-dependent decrease of the relative abundances and gene expression of L. salivarius, L. paracasei, E. faecium and B. longum/lactis and an increase of L. plantarum were observed. Substances in LC-MS were predominantly allocated to groups amino acids/peptides/metabolites and nucleotides/metabolites, relating to gene expression. Fumaric, panthotenic, 9,3-methyl-2-oxovaleric, malic and aspartic acid, cytidine monophosphate, orotidine, phosphoserine, creatine, tryptophan correlated to culture time. Supernatant had no effect against anaerobic bacteria. S48 was reactive against S. epidermidis, L. monocytogenes, P. aeruginosae, E. faecium and C. albicans. S196 against S. epidermidis and Str. agalactiae. In vivo S48/S196 had no effect on alpha/beta diversity. Linear discriminant analysis effect size (LEfSe) and analysis of composition of microbiomes (ANCOM) revealed an increase of Anaeroplasma and Faecalibacterium prausnitzii. Conclusions: The postbiotic supernatant had positive antibacterial and antifungal effects in vitro and promoted the growth of distinct bacteria in vivo