Post SCI cell renewal in motor cortex, subventricular zone, corpus callosum and hippocampus.

<p>(A, D, G, J) Quantification of BrdU positive cells in control (Intact) versus spinal cord injured (SCI) animals in the motor cortex (MC; A), subventricular zone (SVZ; D), corpus callosum (CC; G) and hippocampus (HC; H). Brightfield micrographs display cell renewal represented by BrdU immunoreactive nuclei in the MC (B, C), SVZ (E, F), CC (H, I) and HC (K, L) of control (Intact; B, E, H, K) and injured animals (C, F, I, L). Scale bar: 50 µm in (L).</p

Spontaneous recovery of locomotion.

<p>Postoperative assessment of the modified 12-point BBB open field locomotor rating scale in 8 adult rats after a 200 kDyn mid-thoracic spinal cord contusion. Animals were monitored weekly starting day 1 post-injury until post-op day 40.</p

Post SCI cell renewal in the cervical spinal cord.

<p>Coronal spinal cord sections were analyzed in the parenchyma and around the central canal. (A) Quantification of BrdU positive surviving newborn cells in the spinal parenchyma and around the central canal of intact and SCI animals. BrdU positive nuclei in the lateral white matter (B, C) and in the ependymal layer of the central canal (D, E) of intact and injured animals (SCI). (F) Quantification of BrdU positive cells expressing GFAP representing astroglia; BrdU positive cells co-localizing with APC, but negative for GFAP, were counted as oligodendrocytes. (G-J) Immunofluorescent labeling for (G) BrdU (red), (H) APC (green) and (I) GFAP (blue) in a coronal cervical spinal cord section of an injured animal taken from the ventral gray matter. (J) Merged image of (G-I). Co-localization of BrdU with GFAP indicates astroglial differentiation (arrow), whereas BrdU/APC positive cells that are GFAP-negative represent oligodendrocytes (arrowhead). Scale bars: 100 µm in (C), 50 µm in (E), 34.1 µm in (J).</p

Post SCI glial progenitor cell and microglial renewal in the cervical spinal cord.

<p>(A) Quantification of BrdU positive cells expressing NG2 and thus representing glial progenitor cells. (B-D) Immunofluorescent labeling for (B) BrdU (red) and (C) NG2 (green). (D) Merged image of (B, C) indicating a co-localization of BrdU and NG2 (arrowhead). (E) Quantification of BrdU positive cells expressing IBA1 and thus representing newborn microglia. (F-H) Immunofluorescent labeling for (F) BrdU (red) and (G) IBA1 (green). (H) Merged image of (F, G) indicating a co-localization of BrdU and IBA1 (arrowhead). Scale bars: 60 µm in (D) and 45 µm in (H).</p

Neurogenesis in the subventricular zone and hippocampus.

<p>(A, D) Quantification of DCX immunoreactive cells in the subventricular zone (SVZ; A) and hippocampus (HC; D) in control (Intact) versus spinal cord injured (SCI) animals. Brightfield micrographs display representative section of DCX-expressing neuroblasts in the SVZ (B, C) and HC (E, F) of control (B, E) and spinal cord injured animals (C, F). Scale bar: 100 µm.</p