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Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D and cardiovascular disease risk factors in women with excessive weight gain during pregnancy and in their offspring at age 5-6 years
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVE: Low 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels [25(OH)D] may increase the risk for cardiovascular disease (CVD). In pregnant women excessive weight gain and 25(OH)D deficiency are common complications and both could have deleterious consequences on their children. We aimed to study the relationship between serum 25(OH)D and CVD risk factors in pregnant women and in their offspring at school age. SUBJECTS/METHODS: Fasting serum 25(OH)D and its bioavailable fraction were quantified in 310 healthy pregnant women [with adequate (nβ=β113), insufficient (nβ=β113) and excessive (nβ=β84) weight gain]. A follow-up at 5-6 yearsΒ was performed in sixty-six children born of these mothers. Lipids, insulin, glucose, and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP) were measured in all subjects. Children's carotid intima-media thickness (cIMT) together with visceral and intra-abdominal fat were measured by ultrasonography. RESULTS: Lower maternal 25(OH)D concentrations were associated with lower maternal age, and higher body mass index, triglycerides and hsCRP (all pβ<β0.05). In women with excessive weight gain during gestation, serum 25(OH)D concentrations showed independent associations with maternal hsCRP (Ξ²β=β-0.283 pβ=β0.03) and triglycerides (Ξ²β=β-0.436, pβ=β0.005). Maternal serum 25(OH)D concentrations were also independently associated with cIMT (Ξ²β=β-0.288, pβ=β0.04), visceral fat (Ξ²β=β-0.281, pβ=β0.01) and intra-abdominal fat (Ξ²β=β-0.248, pβ=β0.01) in their children at 5-6 years. CONCLUSIONS: Lower serum 25(OH)D concentrations were related to CVD risk factors in pregnant woman and in their offspring. The cardiometabolic consequences of low 25(OH)D concentrations during pregnancy could be aggravated by excessive weight gain during gestation.status: publishe