The application of biotechnological methods in organic waste recycling in North Kazakhstan region

Diplomo autorius: Armanas Šamšitovas Pilnas diplomo dokumento pavadinimas: "Biotechnologinių metodų taikymas organinių atliekų perdirbimui Šiaurės Kazachstano regione” Diplomo knygos patarėjas: Prof. dr. Algimantas Paulauskas Prof. dr. Gulzhan Beyseeva Pristatyta: Vytauto Didžiojo universitetas, Gamtos mokslų fakultetas, Kaunas, 2020 Puslapių skaičius: 50 Lentelių skaičius: 11 Nuotraukų skaičius: 9 Neseniai daugelyje šalių viena iš naujų biotechnologijų sričių tapo gana plačiai paplitusi-vermikultivacija, kurią sudaro kai kurių sliekų formų pramoninis auginimas. Šios krypties formavimas ir vystymasis yra susijęs su galimybe biologiniu pagrindu spręsti keletą skubių aplinkosaugos problemų. Tai organinių atliekų šalinimas, aukštos kokybės, ekologiškų organinių trąšų gavimas, dirvožemio derlingumo gerinimas ir saugių žemės ūkio produktų auginimas. Sliekų gaudymas laikomas pasaulinių vertybių įvykiu, o šios idėjos propaganda vadinama "naujuoju frontu" kovoje už žmonijos gerovę. Moksliniame darbe buvo ištirta vermikomposto įtaka dirvožemio mikroflorai, dirvožemio cheminė sudėtis ir bulvių augimas bei vystymasis. Vermikomposto naudojimas užtikrina geresnę mitybą dirvožemyje: azoto kiekis padidėja 1,6% vermikomposto su paukščių išmatomis ir arklių mėšlu 1,1%, fosforo kiekis padidėja 0,6% - 0,8%, kalio kiekis 0,5% - 0,8%. Mikroorganizmų skaičiaus padidėjimas buvo nustatytas variantuose su vermikompostu su paukščių išmatomis ir arklių mėšlu: bacilų skaičius 1,4-1,5 karto, aktinomicetai 1,6-1,7 karto, grybai 1,9-1,8 karto, nitrifikuojančios bakterijos atitinkamai 1,7-1,6 karto. Fusarium spp.nebuvimas buvo pastebėtas variantuose su vermikompostu. Naudojant 1 t / ha vermikomposto, vidutinis bulvių derlius dvejus metus padidėjo variantu su vermikompostu (50% galvijų mėšlo + 50% paukščių mėšlo) 138,83%, o variantu su vermikompostu (50% galvijų mėšlo + 50% arklių mėšlo) 158,25%.Author of diploma paper: Arman Shamshitov Full title of diploma paper: “The application of biotechnological methods in organic waste recycling in North Kazakhstan region” Diploma paper advisor: Prof. dr. Algimantas Paulauskas Prof. dr. Gulzhan Beyseeva Presented at: Vytautas Magnus University, Faculty of Natural Science, Kaunas, 2020 Number of pages: 50 Number of tables: 11 Number of pictures: 9 Recently, in many countries, one of the new areas of biotechnology has become quite widespread - vermicultivation, which consists in the industrial cultivation of some forms of earthworms. The formation and development of this direction is due to the possibility of solving on a biological basis a number of urgent environmental problems. This is the disposal of organic waste, obtaining high quality, environmentally friendly organic fertilizers, improving soil fertility and growing safe agricultural products. The taming of earthworms is considered an event of world values, and the propaganda of this idea is called the "new front" in the struggle for the welfare of humankind. In the scientific work, the influence of vermicompost on the soil microflora, the chemical composition of the soil and on the growth and development of potatoes were studied. The use of vermicompost provides improved nutrition soil: the nitrogen content increases by 1,6% of vermicompost with bird droppings and horse manure by 1,1%, the phosphorus content increases by 0,6% - 0,8%, the potassium content by 0,5% - 0,8%. An increase in the number of microorganisms was found in variants with vermicompost with bird droppings and horse manure: the number of bacilli in 1,4-1,5 times, actinomycetes in 1,6-1,7 times, fungi in 1,9-1,8 times, nitrifying bacteria in 1,7-1,6 times, respectively. The absence of Fusarium spp. was observed in variants with vermicompost. When using 1 t/ha of vermicompost, the average yield of potatoes for two years increased in variant with vermicompost (50% of cattle manure + 50% bird droppings) by 138.83% and in variant with vermicompost (50% cattle manure + 50% horse manure) by 158.25%.Gamtos mokslų fakultetasBiologijos katedr

Soil Fungistasis against <i>Fusarium Graminearum</i> under Different tillage Systems

The establishment of the harmful pathogen Fusarium graminearum in different agroecosystems may strongly depend on the ability of the soils to suppress its development and survival. This study aimed to evaluate the influence of different soil tillage systems (i.e., conventional tillage, reduced tillage and no-tillage) on soil fungistasis against F. graminearum. Soil samples were collected three times during the plant growing season in 2016 and 2017 from a long-term, 20-year soil tillage experiment. The F. graminearum in the soil samples was quantified by real-time qPCR. The soil fungistasis was evaluated by the reduction in the radial growth of F. graminearum in an in vitro assay. The antagonistic activity of the soil bacteria was tested using the dual culture method. The F. graminearum DNA contents in the soils were negatively correlated with soil fungistasis (r = –0.649 *). F. graminearum growth on the unfumigated soil was reduced by 70–87% compared to the chloroform fumigated soil. After the plant vegetation renewal, the soil fungistasis intensity was higher in the conventionally tilled fields than in the no-tillage. However, no significant differences were obtained among the tillage treatments at the mid-plant growth stage and after harvesting. 23 out of 104 bacteria isolated from the soil had a moderate effect, and only 1 had a strong inhibitory effect on the growth of F. graminearum. This bacterium was assigned 100% similarity to the Bacillus amyloliquefaciens Hy7 strain (gene bank no: JN382250) according to the sequence of the 16S ribosome subunit coding gene. The results of our study suggest that the presence of F. graminearum in soil is suppressed by soil fungistasis; however, the role of tillage is influenced by other factors, such as soil biological activity, type and quantity of plant residues and environmental conditions