Biochemical Characterization and In Vitro Digestibility of Protein Isolates from Hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) By-Products for Salmonid Feed Applications

Hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) processing by-products (hemp cake and hemp seed hulls) were studied for their protein content, extraction of protein isolates (PIs), and their in vitro protein digestibility (IVPD). Crude protein contents of hemp cake and hemp seed hulls were 30.4% and 8.6%, respectively, calculated based on generalized N-to-P conversion factor (N × 5.37). Extraction efficiency of PIs from defatted biomass ranged from 56.0 to 67.7% with alkaline extraction (0.1 M NaOH) followed by isoelectric precipitation (1.0 M HCl). Nitrogen analysis suggested that the total protein contents of PIs extracted using three different alkaline conditions (0.5 M, 0.1 M, and pH 10.0 with NaOH) were >69.7%. The hemp by-product PIs contained all essential amino acids (EAAs) required for fish with leucine, valine, and phenylalanine belonging to the five dominant amino acids. Overall, glutamate was the dominant non-EAA followed by aspartate. Coomassie staining of an SDS-PAGE gel revealed strong presence of the storage protein edestin. High IVPD of >88% was observed for PIs extracted from hemp seeds and by-products when evaluated using a two-phase in vitro gastric/pancreatic protein digestibility assay. PIs extracted from by-products were further tested for their antioxidant activities. The tested PIs showed dose-dependent DPPH radical scavenging activity and possessed strong ORAC values > 650 μM TE/g

Mono- and digalactosyldiacylglycerols : potent nitric oxide inhibitors from the marine microalga Nannochloropsis granulata

Chemical investigation of a marine microalga, Nannochloropsis granulata, led to the isolation of four digalactosyldiacylglycerols namely, (2S)-1-O-eicosapentaenoyl-2-O-palmitoyl-3-O-(\u3b2-D-galactopyranosyl-6-1\u3b1-D-galactopyranosyl)-glycerol (1), (2S)-1-O-eicosapentaenoyl-2-O-palmitoleoyl-3-O-(\u3b2-D-galactopyranosyl-6-1\u3b1-D-galactopyranosyl)- glycerol (2), (2S)-1-O-eicosapentaenoyl-2-O-myristoyl-3-O-(\u3b2-D-galactopyranosyl-6-1\u3b1-D-galactopyranosyl)-glycerol (3), and (2S)-1,2-bis-O-eicosapentaenoyl-3-O-(\u3b2-D-galactopyranosyl-6-1\u3b1-D-galactopyranosyl)-glycerol (4), together with their monogalactosyl analogs (5\u20138). Among the isolated galactolipids 2 and 3 were new natural products. Complete stereochemistry of 1, 4, 5, 7, and 8 was determined for the first time by both spectroscopic techniques and classical degradation methods. Both mono- and digalactosyldiacylglycerols isolated from N. granulata poss e s s ed s t rong n i t r i c oxide (NO) inhibi tory a c t ivi ty against lipopolysaccharide-induced NO production in RAW264.7 macrophage cells through downregulation of inducible nitric oxide synthase expression indicating the possible use as anti-inflammatory agents.Peer reviewed: YesNRC publication: Ye

Inhibition of NO production by highly-oxygenated diterpenes of Orthosiphon stamineus and their structure\u2013activity relationship

Nitric oxide (NO) has been implemented in various pathological processes. In the present study, 47 highly-oxygenated isopimarane-type and novel carbon framework staminane-type diterpenes isolated from Orthosiphon stamineus of Indonesia, Okinawa, Myanmar and Vietnam were evaluated for their inhibitory activity in NO production by lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-activated macrophage-like J774.1 cells. All the isolated diterpenes showed concentration-dependent inhibition of NO production in LPS-activated macrophage-like J774.1 cells, and based on the results, their structure\u2013activity relationshis were established.Peer reviewed: YesNRC publication: N

Siphonols A\u2013E : novel nitric oxide inhibitors from Orthosiphon stamineus of Indonesia

From the methanolic extract of Orthosiphon stamineus, four novel highly oxygenated isopimarane-type diterpenes named siphonols A\u2013D (1\u20134) and a novel biogenetically interesting norisopimarane-type diterpene named siphonol E (5) were isolated. The new compounds 1\u20133 and 5 showed more potent inhibitory effects on the nitric oxide (NO) production in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-activated macrophage-like J774.1 cells than a positive control NG-monomethyl-l-arginine (l-NMMA). Siphonols A\u2013E (1\u20135) represent the first examples of isopimaranes oxygenated at C-20.Peer reviewed: YesNRC publication: N

Blepharocalyxins C 12E, three new dimeric diarylheptanoids, and related compounds from the seeds of Alpinia blepharocalyx

Three novel diarylheptanoids, blepharocalyxins C 12E (5 127), together with four new (1 124) and one known (8) diarylheptanoids bearing a tetrahydropyran ring were isolated from the residual fraction of an EtOH extract of the seeds of Alpinia blepharocalyx. The structures and the stereochemistry at the chiral centers of the new diarylheptanoids were elucidated by spectroscopic techniques including 2D NMR spectroscopy. Blepharocalyxins C 12E (5 127) have a novel carbon framework and are dimeric diarylheptanoids consisting of two diarylheptanoid units. Blepharocalyxin D (6) showed potent antiproliferative activity against murine colon 26-L5 carcinoma cells (ED50, 3.61 \u3bcM), while against human HT-1080 fibrosarcoma cells, blepharocalyxin E (7) showed potent activity (ED50, 9.02 \u3bcM).Peer reviewed: YesNRC publication: N

Hypoglycemic effect of Aemotoxylon campechanum on streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats

Hypoglycemic activity of Aemotoxylon campechanum was examined in STZ-induced diabetic rats. The water extract of A. campechanum lowered fasting blood glucose level of STZ-induced diabetic rats significantly and dosedependently. The water extract further divided into MeOH and H_2O-soluble fractions. The MeOH-soluble fraction showed the strongest hypoglycemic effect, which lowered fasting blood glucose level by 37% at a dose of 100 mg/kg (i. p.). The water extract and the MeOH-soluble fraction were found to be more effective in lowering the blood glucose level of diabetic rats than the mixtures of tolbutamide (200 mg/kg) and buformin (1 mg/kg) used as positive control, which lowered blood glucose level by 35.1%. The active fraction led to isolation of five guainane-type sesquiterpenes and a coumarin derivative.Peer reviewed: YesNRC publication: N

Triacylglycerols and Other Lipids Profiling of Hemp By-Products

Hemp seed by-products, namely hemp cake (hemp meal) and hemp hulls were studied for their lipid content and composition. Total lipid content of hemp cake and hemp hulls was 13.1% and 17.5%, respectively. Oil extraction yields using hexane, on the other hand, were much lower in hemp cake (7.4%) and hemp hulls (12.1%). Oil derived from both hemp seeds and by-products were primarily composed of neutral lipids (>97.1%), mainly triacylglycerols (TAGs), determined by SPE and confirmed by NMR study. Linoleic acid was the major fatty acid present in oils derived from hemp by-products, covering almost 55%, followed by α-linolenic acid, covering around 18% of the total fatty acids. For the first time, 47 intact TAGs were identified in the hemp oils using UPLC-HRMS. Among them, TAGs with fatty acid acyl chain 18:3/18:2/18:2 and 18:3/18:2/18:1 were the major ones, followed by TAGs with fatty acid acyl chain of 18:3/18:3/18:2, 18:2/18:2/16:0, 18:2/18:2/18:1, 18:3/18:2.18:0, 18:2/18:2/18:0, 18:2/18:1/18:1 and 18:3/18:2:16:0. Besides TAGs, low levels of terpenes, carotenoids and cannabidiolic acid were also detected in the oils. Moreover, the oils extracted from hemp by-products possessed a dose-dependent DPPH radical scavenging property and their potencies were in a similar range compared to other vegetable oils

Nitric oxide inhibitory isopimarane-type diterpenes from Orthosiphon stamineus of Indonesia

A methanolic extract of Orthosiphon stamineus yielded six new highly oxygenated isopimarane-type diterpenes, orthosiphols U-Z (1-6), and 15 previously reported diterpenes. The isolated diterpenes all showed significant dose-dependent inhibitory effects on the nitric oxide (NO) production in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-activated macrophage-like J774.1 cells. Orthosiphols A (7), B (8), D (9), and X (4) showed more potent inhibitory activities than a positive control, N(G)-monomethyl-l-arginine (l-NMMA), and 1 displayed the strongest activity with an IC(50) value of 6.4 microM.Peer reviewed: YesNRC publication: N