Unsupervised hierarchical clustering of genes altered by exposure to white onion or yellow onion digest.

<p>Genes were selected on > 1.5-fold up- or downregulation by WOd (WO_Dig) or YOd (YO_Dig) in at least 3 out of 6 (Caco-2 and rat intestine) or 7 (SISP) arrays. This resulted in 429, 766 and 713 genes for heatmaps of human Caco2 cells (A), rat intestine slices (B) and the porcine SISP model (C), respectively. Red: upregulation, green: downregulation, black: not affected. A ≥ 2-fold up- or downregulation obtained a maximal colour. The expression data for the three models (in 2log values of onion digest vs. saline digest) are provided are provided in <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0160719#pone.0160719.s001" target="_blank">S1</a>, <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0160719#pone.0160719.s002" target="_blank">S2</a> and <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0160719#pone.0160719.s003" target="_blank">S3</a> Tables.</p

Onion-induced Keap1-Nrf2 pathway activation in human Caco-2 model, rat slices and pig SISP.

<p>Schematic visualisation of the Keap1-Nrf2 pathway, with upstream regulators and downstream target genes of Nrf2. Red indicates upregulation of the genes, green indicates downregulation. The letters next to the genes indicate the model(s) in which genes are affected: H: human Caco-2, R: rat slices, P: pig SISP.</p

Comparison of the effects of digested white and yellow onion extracts on mRNA expression in human Caco-2 cells <i>in vitro</i> to that in rat intestine <i>ex vivo</i>.

<p>First, 429 genes were selected that were >1.5 fold up or downregulated in ≥3 of 9 arrays of the Caco-2 exposure as shown in <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0160719#pone.0160719.g001" target="_blank">Fig 1A</a>. Thereafter, the mRNA expression data of the same genes for the rat intestine exposure were added, which was followed by unsupervised hierarchical clustering. WO_Dig or YO_Dig: White onion and yellow onion digested.</p

Overlap in onion-induced differentially expressed genes detected in human Caco-2 model, rat slices and pig SISP.

<p>A) Of 9,140 genes that were expressed in all three models, the overlap in onion-induced differential gene expression was determined (raw/unadjusted p-value<0.05 and FC > 1.5 or < 0.66). Expression of overlapping genes changed in the same direction (up- or downregulated). B) Overlap in differentially expressed genes (raw/unadjusted p-value<0.05) between human Caco-2 and pig SISP. C) Overlap in differentially expressed genes (raw/unadjusted p-value<0.05) between human Caco-2 and rat slices. Dark red and green indicates differential gene expression with fold changes >1.5 and <0.667, light red en green indicates fold changes >1.2 and <0.833. N/A; did not meet the 'flooring' criteria (low/no expression), so excluded from further analyses. * no homologues found in pig, only related genes (Sulfiredoxin-1-like).</p