Maternal Care Practices, Immunization, and their Associations with Gastroenteritis among Infants in North Tapanuli, North Sumatera

Background:Gastroenteritis is the inflammation in gastric and small intestinal mucosal membrane indicated by the symptoms as diarrhea, nausea, vomit and light fever accompanied by appetite loss and uneasy feeling in the stomach. Gastroenteritis in infants is caused by several factors, including bacterial or viral infections, and food intolerance. This study aimed to investigate the associations of maternal care practices and immunization with the incidence of gastroenteritis among infants in North Tapanuli, North Sumatera. Subjects and Method: This was a case control study conducted in North Tapanuli, North Sumatera. A sample of 94 infants aged 7 to 12 months was selected for this study, consisting of 47 infants with gastroenteritis and 47 infants without gastroenteritis. The dependent variable was gastroenteritis. The independent variables were maternal care practice(dietary and health) as well as immunization status. The data were collected by questionnaire and analyzed by a multiple logistic regression model. Results:The incidence of gastroenteritis in infants was associated with incorrect mater¬nal dietary care practice(OR=8.20; 95% CI=2.58 to 26.31; p<0.001), improper maternal health care practice (OR=5.02; 95% CI= 1.54 to 16.32; p= 0.007), and absence of immunization (OR= 4.60; 95% CI= 3.42 to 15.96; p= 0.016). Conclusion: Maternal dietary and health care practices and immunization are associated with the incidence of gastroenteritis among infants. Keywords: gastroenteritis, dietary, health, maternal care practice, immunization, infant

Effect of Breastfeeding Duration on Menstrual Period Return after Child Birth in Deli Serdang, North Sumatera

Background: The length of postpartum amenorrhea is quite variable, and depends on several factors, including maternal age, parity, as well as duration and frequency of breastfeeding. The return of menstruation is not necessarily the result of preceding ovulation in the postpartum woman. Breastfeeding, however, suppresses menstruation at least for a while. For some mothers, there may be an absence of menstruation for weeks, months, and even years while still breast feeding. This study aimed to determine the effect of breastfeeding duration on menstrual period return after child birth in Deli Serdang, North Sumatera. Subjects and Method: This was a cross-sectional study conducted in Purwodadi village, Deli Serdang, North Sumatera. A sample of 78 post partum women who had children aged 6 to 24 months were selected for this study. The dependent variable was menstrual period return. The independent variables were exclusive breastfeeding (EBF), EBF frequency, EBF interval, EBF duration, and EBF technique. The data were collected by questionnaire. The data were described in percent and analyzed by a logistic regression. Results:The prevalence of EBF in this sample was about 22%. About 67% of mothers breastfed 8 to 12 times per day. About 95% of mothers breastfed in less than 6 hour interval per day. Menstrual period return was affected by EBF, frequency of EBF, and technique of EBF. Conclusion: The prevalence of EBF in this sample was about 22%. Menstrual period return is affected by EBF, frequency of EBF, and technique of EBF. Keywords: breastfeeding, duration, menstrual period, child birth

Maternal Knowledge, Attitude, and Exclusive Breastfeeding in Labuhanbatu, North Sumatera

Background:World Health Organization (WHO) has recommended that exclusive breastfeeding (EBF) be given to infants from birth up to 6 months and continued breastfeeding with appropriate complementary food until the child celebrates the second year birthday without water, food or drink. The only exceptions are rehydration salts and syrups that contain medicine. Breast milk promotes sensory and cognitive development, and protects the infant against infectious and chronic diseases. Exclusive breastfeeding reduces infant mortality due to common childhood illnesses such as diarrhea or pneumonia, and helps for a quicker recovery during illness. This study aimed to determine knowledge, attitude, and their associations with EBF in Labuhanbatu, North Sumatera. Subjects and Method: This was a cross sectional study conducted in the catchment area of Puskesmas (community health center) Sukamakmur, Bilah, Labuhanbatu, North Sumatera. A sample of 68 lactating women was selected for this study. The dependent variable was EBF. The independent variables were maternal knowledge and attitude toward EBF. The data were collected by questionnaire and analyzed by a multiple logistic regression. Results: Women with better knowledge (OR= 4.52; 95% CI= 2.27 to 7.58; p= 0.001) and favourable attitude (OR= 6.17; 95% CI= 3.54 to 9.10; p= 0.038) were more likely to breastfeed exclusively than counterparts with poorer knowledge and unfavourable attitude. Conclusion: Maternal knowledge and attitude positively affect exclusive breast¬fee¬ding. Keywords: knowledge, attitude, exclusive breast feeding, wome

The Effect of Peer Counselling on Increasing Exclusive Breastfeeding in Lubuk Pakam and Tanjung Morawa Sub-Districts, Deli Serdang, North Sumatera

Background: Counseling is a highly recommended method of nutrition and breastfeeding education. This study aimed to analyze the effect of nutrition and breastfeeding peer counseling on increasing exclusive breastfeeding in Lubuk Pakam and Tanjung Morawa Sub-districts, Deli Serdang, North Sumatera. Subjects and Method: This was a randomized control trial (RCT). A sample of 64 pregnant mothers was selected for this study and divided into two groups: (1) 32 pregnant mothers in the peer counseling group; (2) 32 pregnant mothers in the control group. The peer counseling was carried out 8 times. The dependent variables were knowledge, attitude, and exclusive breastfeeding. The independent variable was nutrition and breastfeeding peer counseling. The data were collected by questionnaire and analyzed by t-test and chi-square. Results: The baseline scores of knowledge, attitude, and exclusive breastfeeding were comparable between the two groups. After peer counseling, the peer counseling group (mean= 13.08; SD= 11.59) showed higher knowledge than the control group (mean= 0.39; SD= 7.92), and it was statistically significant (p<0.001). After peer counseling, the peer counseling group (mean= 10.52; SD= 10.77), showed better attitude than the control group (mean= 3.54; SD= 6.87), and it was statistically significant (p=0.005). After peer counseling, the peer counseling group (40.6%), breastfed more than the control group (14.1%), and it was statistically significant (p<0.001). Conclusion: Peer counseling is effective inexclusive breastfeeding. Keywords: exclusive breastfeeding, peer counseling, knowledge, attitud

Association between Chronic Energy Deficiency and Anemia in Pregnant Women in Lhokseumawe, Aceh

Background: Chronic energy deficiency is the most widespread nutritional deficiency affecting half the world's children. There is much concern about the situation and considerable efforts are being made to alleviate this state of affairs. This study aimed to determine the association between chronic energy deficiency and anemia in pregnant women in Lhokseumawe, Aceh. Subjects and Method: This was across-sectional study conducted at Puskesmas (Community Health Center) Muara I, Lhokseumawe, Aceh. A total of 90 pregnant mothers were selected for this study. The dependent variable was anemia. The independent variable was chronic energy deficiency. Data on anemia were taken from the medical record. Chronic energy deficiency was measured by questionnaire. The data were analyzed by a simple logistic regression. Results:Chronic energy deficiency is associated with an increased risk of anemia in pregnant mothers (OR= 13.82; 95% CI=4.74 to 40.32; p<0.001). Conclusion:Chronic energy deficiency increases the risk of anemia in pregnant mothers. Keywords: chronic energy deficiency, anemia, pregnant mother

Pemberian ASI Eksklusif dengan Perkembangan Bayi Usia 6 – 9 Bulan di Kabupaten Labuhanbatu

Exclusive breastfeeding with the development of 6 to 9 month - old babies in the Labuhanbatu RegencyPurpose: This study aims to analyze the relationship between the pattern of breastfeeding and exclusive breastfeeding with the development of infants aged 6-9 months in the work area of the Suka Makmur Health Center in Labuhanbatu Regency in 2018.Method: This type of research is analytical research with a cross-sectional study design. The population in this study were infants aged 6-9 months with a total sampling technique of 84 infants. The data analysis method used in this study was Chi-square analysis with a significance level of 95% (α = 0.05).Results: The results showed that 49 mothers (58.3%) gave exclusive breastfeeding. Chi-square analysis showed that there was a significant relationship between exclusive breastfeeding and the development of infants aged 6-9 months (p = 0,0001).Conclusion: There is a significant relationship between exclusive breastfeeding and infant development. Suggestions in this study were to increase motivation and encouragement from health workers to mothers to give breast milk exclusion to their babies for optimal infant development

Praktik Pemberian Makanan dan Praktik Kesehatan dengan Kejadian Balita dengan Gizi Kurang

This study aims to determine the relationship between feeding practices and health practices for under-five children with malnutrition in Sekip Village, Lubuk Pakam District, Deli Serdang Regency. This study used a cross-sectional approach with a sample size of 100 respondents. Sampling was done using cluster technique and simple random technique (roll of paper). The resulting data were analyzed univariate and bivariate using the chi-square test (α = 0.05). The results showed that under-fives who experienced malnutrition were 34%. Simultaneously, mothers' feeding practices and health practices to children under-five were partly categorized as bad, namely 56 people (56%) and 54 people (54%). In conclusion, there is a relationship between feeding practices and health practices on undernutrition in children under-five. Keywords: Toddler, Malnutrition, Health Practices, Feeding Practice