Measurement of Critical Shear Stress for Erosion of Cohesive Riverbanks

Joint Research on Environmental Science and Technology for the Eart

Laetosphecia, a new genus of clearwing moths from south-eastern China, with a brief review of the Sesiini from China (Lepidoptera, Sesiidae)

Kallies, Axel, Arita, Yutaka, Owada, Mamoru, Wang, Min (2014): Laetosphecia, a new genus of clearwing moths from south-eastern China, with a brief review of the Sesiini from China (Lepidoptera, Sesiidae). Zootaxa 3895 (4): 581-589, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3895.4.

Scoliokona spissa Kallies & Arita, sp. nov.

<i>Scoliokona spissa</i> Kallies & Arita sp. nov. <p>(Figs 25, 26, 38)</p> <p> <b>Material examined. Holotype.</b> 1♂, Guangxi, Guilin, Maoershan, 500–1500 m, 6.–10.VIII.2007 (SCAU). <b>Paratypes.</b> 1♂, same data as holotype (NSMT); 8♂, same locality, 730 m, 15.–19.VIII.2009 (Fig. 25, NSMT, CAK, Gen. Prep. AK718); 2♂, 1♀, Prov. Guandong, Shaoguang, Nanling, 600 m, 2–6.VII.2012 (Fig. 26, CAK).</p> <p> <b>Description. Male (Fig. 25).</b> Wingspan 31.5 mm; forewing length 13.5 mm; body length 16.5 mm. Most body parts black, with a purplish lustre. Head: labial palps with apical segment long and smooth, otherwise rough scaled; in distal third white ventrally; pericephalic scales white and black mixed dorsally. Thorax: fore coxa crème medially; mid and hind coxae crème with some black scales; hind tibia with crème patch at first pair of spurs. Forewing: opaque, black with a purple sheen; with small remnant PTA at the base; ventrally similar with crème scales at the base. Hindwing: largely transparent, appearing somewhat smoky; with costa yellowish at the base. Abdomen: tergite 2 usually with yellow scales along distal edge; tergite 3 with few yellow scales a long distal edge laterally; sternite 3 dirty crème to yellow; anal tuft very small, with few white scales laterally. <b>Female (Fig. 26).</b></p> <p>Similar to male, but somewhat larger (wingspan 38 mm), antennae simple, labial palps slimmer and shorter scaled, tergites 2 and 3 with narrow yellow border laterally; sternite 4 almost completely dirty white.</p> <p> <b>Genitalia. Male (Gen. prep. AK718, Fig. 38).</b> Valva relatively short and broad, covered in setae, only a narrow area medially and most basal devoid of setae; setae with downwards angled hands with each 6–7 finger like projections; gnathos with relatively long and strong ventral extensions; uncus apical very strong; phallus with two apical tips, each ending in a small tooth-like projection; base of vesica with additional small tooth near base.</p> <p> <b>Variability.</b> The specimens show little variation in color or markings; 27–31.5 mm wingspan.</p> <p> <b>Diagnosis.</b> This species shows superficial similarities to <i>Scoliokona tetrapora</i> (Diakonoff, [1968]) and <i>Scoliokona heptapora</i> Kallies & Arita, 1998, both from the Philippines. Both of these species, however, differ from <i>S. spissa</i> <b>sp. nov.</b> by their larger size, their reduced transparent areas of the hindwings, and their long and slender bodies. Furthermore, the male genitalia of both of these species conform to the typical <i>Scoliokona</i> morphology (similar to <i>S. shimentai</i> <b>sp. nov.</b>). Therefore, <i>S. spissa</i> <b>sp. nov.</b> cannot be confused with any of its congeners or species of the related genus <i>Nokona</i>. In particular the morphology of the genitalia is unique.</p> <p> <b>Biology.</b> Males were attracted to pheromone lures; the female was collected on flowers of <i>Cissus repens</i> Lam (Vitaceae).</p> <p> <b>Remark.</b> This species is unusual and may occupy an isolated position within the genus. In particular the morphology of the uncus, gnathos and phallus tip are unusual and not known from any other representative of <i>Scoliokona</i> or related genera.</p>Published as part of <i>Kallies, Axel, Arita, Yutaka, Owada, Mamoru, Wu, Guo-Yi & Wang, Min, 2014, The Paranthrenini of Mainland China (Lepidoptera, Sesiidae), pp. 185-206 in Zootaxa 3811 (2)</i> on pages 200-201, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3811.2.2, <a href="http://zenodo.org/record/229506">http://zenodo.org/record/229506</a&gt

Taikona matsumurai Arita & Gorbunov 2001

Taikona matsumurai Arita & Gorbunov, 2001 (Fig. 3) Material examined. 1 ♂, Prov. Guandong, Shaoguang, Nanling, 700 m, 24.VII. 2004 (NSMT); 1 ♂, same locality, 30.VII. 2008 (Fig. 3, CAK); 2 ♂, same locality, 600 m, 2.– 6.VII. 2012 (CAK). Arita (2011) reported this species for the Nanling Mts for the first time from Mainland China. We here report additional records from the same area.Published as part of Kallies, Axel, Arita, Yutaka, Owada, Mamoru, Wu, Guo-Yi & Wang, Min, 2014, The Paranthrenini of Mainland China (Lepidoptera, Sesiidae), pp. 185-206 in Zootaxa 3811 (2) on page 188, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3811.2.2, http://zenodo.org/record/22950

Nokona actinidiae Yang & Wang 1989, comb. nov.

Nokona actinidiae (Yang & Wang, 1989) comb. nov. (Figs 13–18, 34, 41) Material examined. 2 ♂, Prov. Guangdong, Shaoguang, Nanling, 1100 m, 8.VIII. 2007 (NSMT); 26 ♂, same locality, 22.– 25.VI. 2008 (NSMT); 15 ♂, same locality, 900 m, 28.– 30.VII. 2008 (NSMT); 38 ♂, same locality, 900 m, 10.– 14.VII. 2010 (NSMT); 16 ♂, 1 ♀, same data, 900–1000 m, 10.– 14.VII. 2010 (♀ (Fig. 15), ♂ (Fig. 13), ♂, Gen. Prep. AK 717, CAK); same data, 2.– 6.VII. 2012 (3 ♂, CAK); 3 ♂, same locality, 800 m, 2.– 6.VII. 2012 (CAK); 1 ♀, same locality, 8.IX. 2005, on flowers of Patrinia sp. (NSMT, Fig. 16); 1 ♀, same data, 600 m, 14.VII. 2013 (Fig. 18); 7 ♂, same locality, 600 m, 2.– 6.VII. 2012 (CAK); 2 ♂, 1 ♀, same locality [without altitude information], 23.VII. 2005 (♀, Gen. Prep. AK 743), 2.VI. 2008, 25.VI. 2008 (SCAU); 2 ♂, Prov. Guangdong, Yingde, Shimentai, 500 m, 10.VI. 2010 (NSMT, CAK); 2 ♂, 1 ♀, Prov. Guangdong, Lianzhou, Dadongshan, 650 m, 16.– 17.V. 2010, 30.V. 2010 (♀, Fig. 17), 16.V. 2012 (♂, Fig. 14) (CAK); 5 ♂, same locality, 20.– 22.V. 2013 (NSMT); 3 ♂, Prov. Hunan, Changsha, Liuyang, Daweishan, 360 m, 30.VII. 2011 (NSMT); 7 ♂, same locality, 7.VIII. 2012 (NSMT). Redescription. Male. Wingspan 33–37 mm, typically 34–36 mm; forewing length 14–16 mm; body length 18–22 mm. Most body parts black with a bluish tinge. Head: frons white laterally; labial palps yellow ventrally; pericephalic scales black, mixed with yellow dorsally, white ventrally. Thorax: with large yellow patch beneath the wings; fore coxa yellow medially, mid coxa with few yellow scales medially; hind coxa yellow; mid tibia with a yellow patch laterally; hind tibia with white tufted scales medially; fore tarsus with some yellow scales; first tarsomer of hind tarsus yellow medially. Forewing: with small remnant transparent area basally; cell less densely scaled towards costal margin; ventral side with orange red scales in basal 2 / 3. Hindwing: transparent, often with a smoky appearance, with broad black outer margin. Abdomen: tergite 2 with narrow, tergite 4 with broad deep yellow distal margin; sternite 4 with narrow yellow distal margin; anal tuft triangular, divided into two tufts of hairlike scales, with some white scales between both sides, ventrally with yellow margins. Female. Similar in size and coloration to the male; labial palps shorter scaled, appearing slimmer; white scales at the hind tibia less extensive; forewing cell with more distinct transparent to semitransparent streaks in anterior and posterior section; basal part of forewing loosely covered with indistinct dirty orange scales; outer margin of hindwing narrower; yellow band on tergite 4 wider; central part of anal tuft yellow, whitish towards base. Variability. Males have hindwings sometimes without smoky appearance of the transparent area and the outer margin of the hindwings may be more or less wide. Some specimens show reduced yellow markings on the abdomen or lack any yellow bands (Fig. 14). Females show a considerable degree of variability, with more or less pronounced bluish iridescent scales on the forewings, narrower or wider yellow bands on their abdomens and with or without yellow in the anal tuft. It is, however, possible that not all females figured (Figs 15–18) belong to N. actinidiae. The female in Fig. 18 is here tentatively associated with N. actinidiae. It lacks most of the yellow scales of the anal tuft and appears to have narrower discal spots and outer margins of the hindwings. It may represent an extreme form of N. actinidiae or a related taxon. Genitalia. Male (Gen. prep. AK 717, Fig. 34). Valva broad, blunt ending, without central line of setae; handshaped setae with 7–10 finger-like projections; gnathos with two relatively broad and blunt knobs; saccus long; uncus strongly arched, tip strong, somewhat bent to dorsad; phallus short and broad, with a somewhat pointed tip, with a subapical tooth on one side and a small subapical ridge bearing two very small teeth on the other side. Female (Gen. prep. AK 743, Fig. 40). Apophyses relatively short and weak; ductus long; corpus bursae ovoid, with a long and straight, zip-like sclerotized structure running most of the length; ductus seminalis long and narrow; ostium deeply seated, goblet-like; antrum a narrow sclerotized ring. Biology. According to the original description and a subsequent paper, larvae of N. actinidiae tunnel in vines of kiwi (Actinidia chinensis, Actinidiaceae) (Yang & Wang 1989, Zhang 1991). This plant was present in most locations where the specimens for this study were collected. Males were collected at pheromones, mainly from late morning to early afternoon. One female was collected on the flowers of Patrinia sp. Distribution. Currently known from south-eastern China. Similar specimens have also been collected in northern Vietnam (unpublished). Remarks. The type material of this species was not figured in the original description and could not be examined by us. However, the description and the figure of the genitalia suggest that the material at hand was correctly associated with this taxon.Published as part of Kallies, Axel, Arita, Yutaka, Owada, Mamoru, Wu, Guo-Yi & Wang, Min, 2014, The Paranthrenini of Mainland China (Lepidoptera, Sesiidae), pp. 185-206 in Zootaxa 3811 (2) on page 192, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3811.2.2, http://zenodo.org/record/22950

Nokona chrysoidea Zukowsky 1932

Nokona chrysoidea (Zukowsky, 1932) (Figs 7–12, 32, 33) Material examined. 2 ♂, Guangxi, Guilin, Maoershan, 500–1500 m, 6.– 10.VIII. 2007 (CAK, Gen. Prep. AK 720, Fig. 8); 2 ♂, same locality, 730 m, 14.– 19.VIII. 2009 (CAK, Gen. Prep. AK 721); 1 ♂, Prov. Guandong, Shaoguang, Nanling, 1000 m, 23.VI. 2008 (CAK); 2 ♂, same locality, 800 m, 2–6.VII. 2012 (CAK); 11 ♂, 10 ♀, Prov. Guangdong, Guangzhou city, 11.V.– 1.VI. 2011 e. l., ex Paederia scandens (Figs 9, 11, 12, NSMT, CAK); 10 ♂, 3 ♀, same locality, 3.– 24.V. 2012 e. l., ex Paederia scandens (Figs 7, 10, NSMT, CAK); 9 ♂, 13 ♀, same locality, 29.IV.– 25.V. 2013 e. l., ex Paederia scandens (NSMT); 1 ♂, Prov. Hainan, Atuling, Mt. Wuzhishan, 17.IX. 2008; 2 ♂, Prov. Shaanxii, Lueyang, 20.– 29.VII. 2011 (CAK); 1 ♂, Prov. Zhejiang, 17.XI. 1995, on flowers of Ostericum grosseserratum (NSMT). Nokona chrysoidea was described from Taiwan and belongs to the Nokona pernix (Leech, 1889) species complex. The population that occurs in Guangzhou city is very variable but in particular its yellow forms are indistinguishable from Taiwanese N. chrysoidea. Dark forms of the Guangzhou population are very similar to N. pernix from Japan or N. inexpectata Arita & Gorbunov, 2001, described from Taiwan. Similar individuals are known from several provinces in southern and eastern China, but it is currently unclear whether they belong to a single species or represent a species complex. Arita (2011) figured specimens from Nanling under the name Nokona semidiaphana (Zukowsky, 1929); however, the figured specimen belongs to the N. pernix species complex and is here considered belonging to N. chrysoidea. Typical N. pernix occur in Japan; but, this species has also been recorded from Mainland China. Until a more detailed study can be undertaken, we here propose to apply the name N. chrysoidea to these specimens. The taxa Nokona inexpectata and Nokona pilamicola (Strand, [1916]) may be junior and senior synonyms, respectively, of N. chrysoidea. Published illustrations of these taxa (Arita & Gorbunov 2001) show no significant differences in external appearance or in genitalia morphology in comparison to N. chrysoidea. However, since the type material could not be reexamined we refrain from formal synonymization at this stage. Genitalia. Male (Gen. prep. AK 720 [Fig. 33], AK 721 [Fig. 32]). Valva long and narrow, tapering into a blunt apex; dorsal field of hand-shaped setae wide, each with ca 10 finger-like projections; with central narrow line of hand-shaped setae; ventral setae simple, basal patch with strong simple setae; gnathos (Fig. 33 a) with two pointed ventral processes; saccus broad and blunt ending, phallus shorter that valva. Variability. A very variable species, both in size and coloration. Alar expanses range from 21–31 mm in males, and 27–31 mm in females. The forewings can be orange-brown to dark brown, sometimes with minimal remnants of transparent areas; however, even in dark specimens some orange-brown scales can be found on the forewings. Furthermore, the forewings typically lack all bluish lustre. The hindwings have dark outer margins of variable width. The number of yellow bands on the abdominal tergites varies between 2 and 5, however, they are always present at the distal margins of tergites 2 and 4. The triangular anal tuft is typically black with a narrow white lateral margin. Biology. Larvae of this species (or species complex) feed in vines of Paederia scandens (Rubiaceae). According to label data, one specimen was collected on the flowers of Ostericum grosseserratum (Apiaceae). Distribution. Specimens belonging to this species complex have been collected in Taiwan, Mainland China and northern Vietnam (unpublished).Published as part of Kallies, Axel, Arita, Yutaka, Owada, Mamoru, Wu, Guo-Yi & Wang, Min, 2014, The Paranthrenini of Mainland China (Lepidoptera, Sesiidae), pp. 185-206 in Zootaxa 3811 (2) on pages 190-191, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3811.2.2, http://zenodo.org/record/22950

Nokona bractea Kallies & Arita, sp. nov.

<i>Nokona bractea</i> Kallies & Arita sp. nov. <p>(Figs 4, 30)</p> <p> <b>Material examined. Holotype.</b> ♂, Guangxi, Guilin, Maoershan, 500–1500 m, 6–10.VIII.2007 (Fig. 4, Gen. Prep. AK759) (SCAU). <b>Paratype.</b> 1♂, same data as holotype (NSMT).</p> <p> <b>Description. Male (Fig. 4).</b> Wingspan 42 mm; forewing length 18 mm; body length 25 mm. A very large and distinctive species; most body parts black with a bluish sheen; patagia bright yellow. Head: labial palps yellow ventrally; pericephalic scales yellow ventrally. Thorax: patagia yellow; metathorax with few white scales subdorsally. Forewing: black with a bluish sheen; with a small semitransparent area at the base between cubital stem and anal margin. Abdomen: anal tuft triangular, well developed, with a few yellow scales ventrally.</p> <p> <b>Genitalia. Male (Gen. Prep. AK759, Fig. 30).</b> Valva appearing rectangular, dorsal area densely covered with hand-shaped setae, ventral part with simple setae, with only few setae in the middle field; gnathos (a) with simple projections; uncus relatively straight; phallus, relatively short and thick, tapering towards the tip, with a distinct tooth subapically.</p> <p> <b>Diagnosis.</b> This species is distinct from most known species of the genus <i>Nokona</i>. It is similar to <i>Nokona stroehlei</i> Fischer, 2002, which was described from the Malay Peninsula. It differs by the markings on the hindwing (with narrow discal spot, narrow outer margin and fine veins in <i>N. bractea</i>; with broad discal spot, broad outer margin and broadly scaled veins in <i>N. stroehlei</i>). <i>N. bractea</i> also shows some similarity to <i>N. noblei</i>. The latter differs by its transparent hindwings (lacking the smoky appearance of <i>N. bractea</i>), its hind legs that are marked with yellow, its partly yellow tegulae, and its black patagia.</p>Published as part of <i>Kallies, Axel, Arita, Yutaka, Owada, Mamoru, Wu, Guo-Yi & Wang, Min, 2014, The Paranthrenini of Mainland China (Lepidoptera, Sesiidae), pp. 185-206 in Zootaxa 3811 (2)</i> on page 189, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3811.2.2, <a href="http://zenodo.org/record/229506">http://zenodo.org/record/229506</a&gt

Paranthrene Hubner

Paranthrene Hübner, [1819] This genus is well known from the Palaearctic and Nearctic regions. Numerous species have also been described from Africa and South East Asia. However, most of them are likely to belong to other related genera. Species of Paranthrene can be recognized by the morphology of the male genitalia (with soft multifurcate scales covering the valvae), the structure of the antennae (long, reaching the discal spot) and of the labial palps (narrow and smoothly scaled) as well as the size of the head (relatively small, about ½ of the width of the thorax). During the course of this study several species formerly associated with Paranthrene were found to belong to Nokona (see below for details). One species, Cyanosesia panorpaeformis (Boisduval, [1875]) comb. nov., originally described in Sesia, but later considered belonging to Paranthrene, is hereby transferred from Paranthrenini to Sesiini.Published as part of Kallies, Axel, Arita, Yutaka, Owada, Mamoru, Wu, Guo-Yi & Wang, Min, 2014, The Paranthrenini of Mainland China (Lepidoptera, Sesiidae), pp. 185-206 in Zootaxa 3811 (2) on page 187, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3811.2.2, http://zenodo.org/record/22950