Sentimental Utility Theory: Interpreting the Utilization of Collective Emotions by the Political Elite Through the Erdoğan‐Obama Friendship

Barack Obama's 2009 visit to Turkey resulted in an Obama‐Mania in Turkish media, followed by a friendship between Obama and Recep Erdoğan, which was widely reported in the media and emphasized in their rhetoric. This article explains the existence of the Erdoğan‐Obama friendship narrative, in spite of no actual political friendship existing. We first interpret their relationship through five key components of political friendship (affect, grand project, altruistic reciprocity, moral obligations, equality) and argue that, despite a strong friendship narrative, their histories, leadership styles, and political goals diverged to such an extent that a friendship never existed. We then introduce sentimental utility theory (SUT) to explain the utility of maintaining the appearance of a friendship. Through SUT, this article illuminates the utility of collective emotions and offers insight into how collective emotions produce ingroup identities and generate stability for a state's population. SUT reveals how Erdoğan utilized the Obama‐mania in Turkey to create a personal bond with Obama which linked himself, and his policies, to Obama and his progressive policies. Future research can deploy SUT to make sense of other claims of friendship and special relationships between states and between state leaders

[Majmūʻat rasāʼil, 193-?].

Careful copy of a vast majmūʻah of excerpts from numerous philosophical works, many of them abridged, presumably by the copyist.Shelfmark: Ann Arbor, University of Michigan, Special Collections Research Center, Isl. Ms. 908 v.1Origin: Lacks dated colophon ; likely copied in Egypt in the late 1930s and bound for James Heyworth-Dunne (d.1974).Former shelfmark: Mich. Isl. Ms. temp. no. 57Binding: Boards covered in dark green cloth with dark green leather over spine (quarter binding) ; pastedowns and flyleaves in wove paper printed with a floral vegetal pattern in green ; spine gold-stamped with title, owner, and decorative accents over raised bands "الاسفار | 1 | J.H.D." ; sewing difficult to examine but appears to be over cords, in white thread, five stations ; stuck-on endbands ; overall in fairly good condition.Support: Lined / ruled wove paper of at least two different types.Script: Ruqʻah ; quick, modern hand in a medium line ; serifless and freely ligatured with mainly closed counters, slight effect of inclination to the right, pointing somewhat careless and in strokes rather than distinct dots ; partially vocalized.Layout: Written in 26 lines per page.Collation: Pagination in black ink, Hindu-Arabic numerals ; pagination in pencil, Western numerals, supplied during digitization.Incipit: "الحمد لله رب العالمين وصلى الله على سيدنا محمد على اله وصحابته اجمعين اما بعد فهذه شذرات ذهبية من الموسوعة التي وضعها خاتمة المحققين ... المعروف بصدر الدين رحمه الله ورضي عنه امين من كتاب الاسفار الاربعة لملا صدرا فصل اعلم ان الوجود متصور بداهة لان علم كل احد بانه موجود ضروري وبداهة العلم بالخاص تستلزم بداهة العلم بالعام ..."Title supplied by cataloguer.Ms. codex.24. p.682-p.752 : فصل في غريب كلامه23. p.651-p.682 : الحكم السنية22. p.588-p.650 : نهج البلاغة21. p.477-p.587 : ومن خطبة له بعد20. p.474-p.476 : [blank].19. p.473 : موجز من الشرح لهذه الخطبة18. p.469-p.473 : خطبة الامير المؤمنين17. p.457-p.469 : رسالة الحكمة المشرقة وهي عبارة عن تلخيص رسالة حي بن يقظان16. p.427-p.457 : الزهد المراد لذاته15. p.425-p.426 : [blank].14. p.353-p.424 : روضة الطالبين وعمدة السالكين13. p.343-p.352 : رسالة عيون المسائل12. p.337-p.343 : رسالة آداب طالب حكمة11. p.333-p.337 : هذه مقالة شريفة في الابانة عن جوامع10. p.327-p.333 : مختصر رسالة المقامات والمواطن لعلامة العامل الشيخ يوسف الهندي الامين9. p.309-p.327 : هذه رسالة تدعى ثالث القمرين شرح بيتي الرقمتين الشهيرين8. p.300-p.309 : شذرة من كتاب الخطابة الاريسطي بقلم ابي الوليد بن رشد7. p.288-p.300 : هذه رسالة ما بعد الطبيعة لبهمنيار بن المرزبان احد تلاميذ الشيخ الرئيس ابي علي بن سينا الملقب بالمعلم الثالث6. p.254-p.287 : هذه بقية النبذة التي لخصناها من الاسفار الصدرية5. p.223-p.253 : شذور ذهبية من تاريخ الفلاسفة الاقدمين4. p.130-p.223 : كتاب النفس الفن الثاني3. p.105-p.130 : هذه شذور ذهبية يتلخص فيها نبذ من الهيات كتاب الشفاء للشيخ الرئيس2. p.53-p.104 : وهذا ملخص كتاب من اعاظم الكتب الصدرية وهو كتاب المبدأ والمعاد1. p.2-p.53 : هذه القطعة التي لخصناها من الاسفار الاربعة الصدريةCareful copy of a vast majmūʻah of excerpts from numerous philosophical works, many of them abridged, presumably by the copyist.Mode of access: Internet.Acquired in the Fall of 1950.On upper pastedown label with ex libris of James Heyworth-Dunne (d.1974), stamped with inventory number, "Ex Libris | J. Heyworth-Dunne | D. Lit. (London) | No 7947" ; UM Library inscription on p.3 "Dunning | Heyworth-Dunne | 6-13-51 | 71955" ; possible former inventory mark in pencil on final leaf (p.752) "231 / 53" ; marginal glosses and notabilia (side-heads)