Emotional intelligence, emotional labor, and job satisfaction among physicians in Greece

BACKGROUND: There is increasing evidence that psychological constructs, such as emotional intelligence and emotional labor, play an important role in various organizational outcomes in service sector. Recently, in the “emotionally charged” healthcare field, emotional intelligence and emotional labor have both emerged as research tools, rather than just as theoretical concepts, influencing various organizational parameters including job satisfaction. The present study aimed at investigating the relationships, direct and/or indirect, between emotional intelligence, the surface acting component of emotional labor, and job satisfaction in medical staff working in tertiary healthcare. METHODS: Data were collected from 130 physicians in Greece, who completed a series of self-report questionnaires including: a) the Wong Law Emotional Intelligence Scale, which assessed the four dimensions of emotional intelligence, i.e. Self-Emotion Appraisal, Others’ Emotion Appraisal, Use of Emotion, and Regulation of Emotion, b) the General Index of Job Satisfaction, and c) the Dutch Questionnaire on Emotional Labor (surface acting component). RESULTS: Emotional intelligence (Use of Emotion dimension) was significantly and positively correlated with job satisfaction (r=.42, p<.001), whereas a significant negative correlation between surface acting and job satisfaction was observed (r=−.39, p<.001). Furthermore, Self-Emotion Appraisal was negatively correlated with surface acting (r=−.20, p<.01). Self-Emotion Appraisal was found to influence job satisfaction both directly and indirectly through surface acting, while this indirect effect was moderated by gender. Apart from its mediating role, surface acting was also a moderator of the emotional intelligence-job satisfaction relationship. Hierarchical multiple regression analysis revealed that surface acting could predict job satisfaction over and above emotional intelligence dimensions. CONCLUSIONS: The results of the present study may contribute to the better understanding of emotion-related parameters that affect the work process with a view to increasing the quality of service in the health sector

Studying the influence of the adipocytokine adiponectin on the central nervous system

Adiponectin and its receptors, AdipoR1 and AdipoR2, constitute integral components of energy homeostatic mechanism, in peripheral tissues. Recent studies have implicated adiponectin in central neural networks regulating food intake and energy expenditure. The present study aimed at investigating the possible expression and distribution of adiponectin and its receptors in human pituitary gland, hypothalamus and different brain areas. Sections of the pituitary gland, hypothalamus and adjacent basal forebrain area, cerebrum and cerebellum from forty autopsy cases, were examined using H&E, PAS-Orange G, luxol fast blue/cresyl violet stains and single and double immunohistochemistry using adiponectin, AdipoR1, AdipoR2, choline acetyltransferase, FSH, LH, TSH, GH, ACTH and prolactinspecific antibodies. Age and BMI mean values ±SD of the autopsy cases were 56±18 years and 27±5 kg/m², respectively. Strong adiponectin expression was observed in pituitary gland. In pars distalis (PD), adiponectin localized in GH, FSH, LH and TSH-producing cells and in pars tuberalis (PT) in FSH, LH and TSH-producing cells. Strong to moderate expression of AdipoR1 and AdipoR2 was observed in PD by the same cell types as adiponectin. No immunoreactivity for adiponectin receptors was noted in cells of PT. Intense AdipoR1 immunostaining was observed in neurons of lateral hypothalamic area and of nucleus basalis of Meynert (NBM). Adiponectin and its receptors expression in human pituitary might indicate the existence of a local system, modulating endocrine axes. Furthermore, the presence of AdipoR1 in hypothalamus and NBM suggests that adiponectin may participate in central neural signaling pathways controlling energy homeostasis and higher brain functions.Η αντιπονεκτίνη και οι υποδοχείς αντιπονεκτίνης, AdipoR1 και AdipoR2, αποτελούν συστατικά στοιχεία των ενεργειακών ομοιοστατικών μηχανισμών στους περιφερικούς ιστούς. Σύμφωνα με πρόσφατες μελέτες, η αντιπονεκτίνη φαίνεται, επιδρώντας σε κεντρικά νευρωνικά κυκλώματα, να συμμετέχει στη ρύθμισης πρόσληψης τροφής και κατανάλωσης ενέργειας. Σκοπός της παρούσας μελέτης ήταν η διερεύνηση της πιθανής έκφρασης και της κατανομής της αντιπονεκτίνης και των υποδοχέων της στην ανθρώπινη υπόφυση, στον υποθάλαμο και σε άλλες περιοχές του ανθρώπινου εγκεφάλου. Τομές υπόφυσης, υποθαλάμου και της παρακείμενης βασικής τηλεγκεφαλικής περιοχής, εγκεφαλικού φλοιού και παρεγκεφαλίδας μονιμοποιημένες σε ουδέτερη φορμόλη και εγκλεισμένες σε παραφίνη, από σαράντα περιστατικά, μελετήθηκαν ιστολογικά με τη χρήση ηωσίνης-αιματοξυλίνης, και των ειδικών χρώσεων PAS-orange G και luxol fast blue-cresyl violet. Εν συνεχεία, εφαρμόσθηκε απλή και διπλή ανοσοϊστοχημική μέθοδος, χρησιμοποιώντας ειδικά αντισώματα έναντι της αντιπονεκτίνης, του AdipoR1 και AdipoR2, της ακετυλομεταφοράσης της χολίνης, της FSH, LH, TSH, GH, ACTH και προλακτίνης. Ο μέσος όρος (±SD) ηλικίας και δείκτη μάζας σώματος (ΒΜΙ) των υπό εξέταση περιπτώσεων ήταν 56 (±18) έτη και 27 (±5) kg/m², αντίστοιχα. Έντονη έκφραση της αντιπονεκτίνης παρατηρήθηκε στον πρόσθιο λοβό (pars distalis/PD) της υπόφυσης και στο χοανικό δακτύλιο (pars tuberalis/PT). Ειδικότερα, ισχυρή ανοσοϊστοχημική χρώση για την αντιπονεκτίνη παρατηρήθηκε στα κύτταρα που παράγουν GH, FSH, LH , TSH και FSH, LH, TSH, στον πρόσθιο λοβό και στο χοανικό δακτύλιο αντίστοιχα.. Στο PD, ισχυρή έως μέτρια έκφραση του AdipoR1 και AdipoR2 ανιχνεύθηκε στους ίδιους κυτταρικούς τύπους στους οποίους εντοπίσθηκε και η αντιπονεκτίνη. Δεν παρατηρήθηκε ανοσοθετικότητα για τους υποδοχείς της αντιπονεκτίνης στα κύτταρα του ΡT. Έντονη ανοσοϊστοχημική χρώση για τον AdipoR1 παρουσίασαν οι νευρώνες της πλάγιας υποθαλαμικής περιοχής και του βασικού πυρήνα του Meynert (NBM). Η έκφραση της αντιπονεκτίνης και των υποδοχέων της στην ανθρώπινη υπόφυση ενδεχομένως αποτελεί μία ένδειξη της ύπαρξης ενός τοπικού ρυθμιστικού συστήματος, το οποίο ασκεί τροποποιητικές δράσεις στους ενδοκρινικούς άξονες. Επιπρόσθετα, η παρουσία του AdipoR1 στον υποθάλαμο και στο NBM υποδεικνύει ότι η αντιπονεκτίνη μπορεί να συμμετέχει σε κεντρικά νευρωνικά σηματοδοτικά μονοπάτια, ελέγχοντας την ενεργειακή ομοιόσταση και άλλες εγκεφαλικές λειτουργίες

Glucagon-like Peptide-1 Receptor in the Human Hypothalamus Is Associated with Body Mass Index and Colocalizes with the Anorexigenic Neuropeptide Nucleobindin-2/Nesfatin-1

Data on animals emphasize the importance of the neuronal glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor (GLP-1R) for feeding suppression, although it is unclear whether astrocytes participate in the transduction of anorectic GLP-1R-dependent signals. In humans, the brain circuitry underlying these effects remains insufficiently investigated. The present study aimed to explore GLP-1R protein expression in the human hypothalamus and its correlation with body mass index (BMI). Sections of hypothalamus from 28 autopsy cases, 11 with normal weight (BMI &lt; 25 kg/m2) and 17 with non-normal weight (BMI &ge; 25 kg/m2), were examined using immunohistochemistry and double immunofluorescence labeling. Prominent GLP-1R immunoexpression was detected in neurons of several hypothalamic nuclei, including paraventricular, supraoptic, and infundibular nuclei; the lateral hypothalamic area (LH); and basal forebrain nuclei. Interestingly, in the LH, GLP-1R was significantly decreased in individuals with BMI &ge; 25 kg/m2 compared with their normal weight counterparts (p = 0.03). Furthermore, GLP-1R was negatively correlated (&tau;b = &minus;0.347, p = 0.024) with BMI levels only in the LH. GLP-1R extensively colocalized with the anorexigenic and antiobesogenic neuropeptide nucleobindin-2/nesfatin-1 but not with the astrocytic marker glial fibrillary acidic protein. These data suggest a potential role for GLP-1R in the regulation of energy balance in the human hypothalamus. In the LH, an appetite- and reward-related brain region, reduced GLP-1R immunoexpression may contribute to the dysregulation of homeostatic and/or hedonic feeding behavior. Possible effects of NUCB2/nesfatin-1 on central GLP-1R signaling require further investigation

Hypothalamic Inflammation in Human Obesity Is Mediated by Environmental and Genetic Factors

Obesity is associated with hypothalamic inflammation (HI) in animal models. In the current study, we examined the mediobasal hypothalamus (MBH) of 57 obese human subjects and 54 age- and sex-matched nonobese control subjects by MRI and analyzed the T2 hyperintensity as a measure of HI. Obese subjects exhibited T2 hyperintensity in the left but not the right MBH, which was strongly associated with systemic low-grade inflammation. MRS revealed the number of neurons in the left hypothalamic region to be similar in obese versus control subjects, suggesting functional but not structural impairment due to the inflammatory process. To gain mechanistic insights, we performed nutritional analysis and 16S rDNA microbiome sequencing, which showed that high-fat diet induces reduction of Parasutterella sp. in the gut, which is significantly correlated with MBH T2 hyperintensity. In addition to these environmental factors, we found subjects carrying common polymorphisms in the JNK or the MC4R gene to be more susceptible to HI. Finally, in a subgroup analysis, bariatric surgery had no effect on MBH T2 hyperintensity despite inducing significant weight loss and improvement of peripheral insulin sensitivity. In conclusion, obesity in humans is associated with HI and disturbances in the gut-brain axis, which are influenced by both environmental and genetic factors