Peran Pbb Sebagai Organisasi Internasional Dalam Menyelesaikan Sengketa Yurisdiksi Negara Anggotanya Dalam Kasus State Immunity Antara Jerman Dengan Italia Terkait Kejahatan Perang Nazi

The United Nations is the biggest International organization in the history of the cooperation growth for many International living sector to all nations in this world. In the International people association, states often get difference of interest so that it can cause a dispute or conflict of state. The existence of the United Nations can take effective in solving International disputes that occur among all nations including in solving the state jurisdiction dispute in the state immunity case between Germany and Italy. The United Nations has the International Court of Justice as the principal judicial organ of the United Nations. International Court of Justice has the competence of the court and legal binding in settle the International disputes based on the United Nations principle. The United Nations has the function through the International Court of Justice in solving the state immunity case between Germany and Italy. The method used in this research is library research data collection. The competence of the International Court of Justice based on the agreement of the state. The legal binding of the International Court of Justice Judgement in deciding International disputes only bind to the parties in case. In addition, the International Court of Justice still effort to settle the case of state immunity between Germany and Italy in peace through the system of Judicial Settlement

Suksesi Kepemimpinan dalam Partai Politik: (Studi Atas Partai Golkar dan Partai Persatuan Pembangunan)

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengkaji dan mengetahui persyaratan dan mekanisme pemilihan calon Ketua Partai Golkar dan PPP, sekaligus mengevaluasi mekanisme dan persyaratan suksesi kepemimpinan dalam Partai Golkar dan PPP agar dapat memberikan kelancaran dalam proses suksesi kepemimpinan guna menghindari terjadinya dualisme kepengurusan. Fokus penelitian ini adalah (1) Bagaimanakah mekanisme dan persyaratan suksesi kepemimpinan dalam Partai Golongan Karya dan Partai Persatuan Pembangunan? (2) Apakah mekanisme dan persyaratan suksesi kepemimpinan dalam Partai Golongan Karya dan Partai Persatuan Pembangunan tersebut sudah memberikan kepastian hukum guna menghindari terjadinya dualisme kepengurusan? Penelitian ini adalah yuridis normatif dengan pendekatan Perundang-undangan (statute approach). Data yang digunakan adalah data sekunder yang terdiri atas bahan hukum primer, bahan hukum sekunder dan bahan hukum tersier. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa baik Partai Gokkar maupun PPP telah mengatur secara rinci persyaratan dan mekanisme suksesi kepemimpinan dalam Anggaran Dasar dan Anggaran Rumah Tangga Partai. Sehingga dari aspek legal-formal, AD/ART partai telah cukup memadai untuk dijadikan sebagai aturan main (rule of the game) dalam suksesi kepemimpinan. Namun demikian, perilaku sebagian elit partai yang tidak mau mematuhi aturan main tersebut telah menyebabkan lahirnya konflik. Sehingga dualisme kepengurusan partai pun tidak dapat dihindarkan

Precision neutron interferometric measurement of the nd coherent neutron scattering length and consequences for models of three-nucleon forces

We have performed the first high precision measurement of the coherent neutron scattering length of deuterium in a pure sample using neutron interferometry. We find b_nd = (6.665 +/- 0.004) fm in agreement with the world average of previous measurements using different techniques, b_nd = (6.6730 +/- 0.0045) fm. We compare the new world average for the nd coherent scattering length b_nd = (6.669 +/- 0.003) fm to calculations of the doublet and quartet scattering lengths from several modern nucleon-nucleon potential models with three-nucleon force (3NF) additions and show that almost all theories are in serious disagreement with experiment. This comparison is a more stringent test of the models than past comparisons with the less precisely-determined nuclear doublet scattering length of a_nd = (0.65 +/- 0.04) fm.Comment: 4 pages, 4 figure

Meningkatkan Hasil Belajar IPS Dengan Menggunakan Metode Diskusi Pada Siswa Kelas IV SDN No 3 Siwalempu

Metode dalam pembelajaran sangat mempengaruhi tinggi rendahnya hasil belajar siswa. Di kelas IV SDN NO 3 Siwalempu, banyak siswa hasil pembelajarannya kurang. Disamping itu dalam proses pembelajaran, motivasi siswa dalam belajar juga belum baik. Maka perlu penggunaan suatu metode pembelajaran yang dapat membantu siswa dalam meningkatkan hasil belajar terutama pada mata pelajaran IPS yang salah satunya adalah dengan penggunaan metode diskusi dalam proses pembelajaran. Jenis penelitian ini adalah penelitian tindakan kelas yang dilaksanakan dalam 2 siklus, yang terdiri atas tahap perencanaan, pelaksanaan tindakan, observasi dan refleksi. Data yang diperoleh dalam penelitian ini meliputi hasil belajar siswa yang diambil dari pemberian soal tes pada awal dan akhir siklus, kemampuan guru dalam pengelolaan pembelajaran yang diambil dari lembar observasi kegiatan guru, aktivitas siswa yang diambil dari lembar observasi kegiatan siswa. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa pada tindakan siklus I terdapat nilai rata-rata individu 6,5 dan nelai rata-rata kelompok 8 dan pada siklus II, Nilai rata-rata Individu 8,2 dan Nilai rata-rata kelompok 9. Hal ini berarti pembelajaran dengan menggunkan metode diskusi dapat meningkatkan hasil belajar siswa di bandingkan dengan hasil belajar secara individu

Neuron dynamics in the presence of 1/f noise

Interest in understanding the interplay between noise and the response of a non-linear device cuts across disciplinary boundaries. It is as relevant for unmasking the dynamics of neurons in noisy environments as it is for designing reliable nanoscale logic circuit elements and sensors. Most studies of noise in non-linear devices are limited to either time-correlated noise with a Lorentzian spectrum (of which the white noise is a limiting case) or just white noise. We use analytical theory and numerical simulations to study the impact of the more ubiquitous "natural" noise with a 1/f frequency spectrum. Specifically, we study the impact of the 1/f noise on a leaky integrate and fire model of a neuron. The impact of noise is considered on two quantities of interest to neuron function: The spike count Fano factor and the speed of neuron response to a small step-like stimulus. For the perfect (non-leaky) integrate and fire model, we show that the Fano factor can be expressed as an integral over noise spectrum weighted by a (low pass) filter function. This result elucidates the connection between low frequency noise and disorder in neuron dynamics. We compare our results to experimental data of single neurons in vivo, and show how the 1/f noise model provides much better agreement than the usual approximations based on Lorentzian noise. The low frequency noise, however, complicates the case for information coding scheme based on interspike intervals by introducing variability in the neuron response time. On a positive note, the neuron response time to a step stimulus is, remarkably, nearly optimal in the presence of 1/f noise. An explanation of this effect elucidates how the brain can take advantage of noise to prime a subset of the neurons to respond almost instantly to sudden stimuli.Comment: Phys. Rev. E in pres

Factors affecting farmers' adoption of and willingness to pay for biodegradable mulch films in China

Biodegradable mulch films (BDMs) technology is an environmentally-friendly substitute to traditional plastic mulch films in agricultural production. Given the high price and it is new to the market, it is not easy for farmers to accept and adopt it. This paper aims to explore the key factors affecting farmers’ adoption of and willingness to pay for BDMs to understand the complex process of farmers’ decision-making. This paper employs a double hurdle model to explore the multi-stage decision-making process in the adoption of BDMs using the sample of 1247 observations from Yunnan province China, where two mechanisms of decision-making (i.e., direct rejection of technology and lack of resources) were used to capture zero willingness to pay (WTP) for BDMs. The results indicate the two-stage decision-making process, where the role of technology-specific characteristics is more important than adopter-specific characteristics in the adoption of BDMs in China – training for understanding and using the technology has a positive effect on both the adoption and willingness to pay. The paper is the first attempt that empirically analyses the determinants of farmers’ WTP for BDMs. It contributes to the literature on adoption analysis by 1) considering farmers’ adoption choices as a two-step process by using a hurdle model and 2) addressing the importance of technology-specific characteristics on farmers’ WTP for BDMs. Understanding the role of factors on different stages of farmers’ decision-making could assist policymakers in designing programs, specifically tackling difficulties confronting farmers at different stages of decision-making