The Advantages and Limitations of Ultrasound Elastography in Diagnosis of Thyroid Carcinoma

Thyroid nodules have high prevalence in the general population. Only minorities of thyroid nodules are malignant; nevertheless, still biopsies are performed in differential diagnosis of malignant and benign thyroid nodules. Conventional ultrasound is widely used in diagnosis and characterization of thyroid nodules. There are several suspicious ultrasound features that predict thyroid cancer, such as solid consistence, marked hypoechogenicity, taller-than-wide shape, irregular or microlobulated or spiculated margins, no peripheral hypoechoic halo, and micro- or macrocalcifications. However, none of these signs have high sensitivity or specificity nor high degree of confidence for diagnosis or exclusion of thyroid carcinoma. Ultrasound elastography, recently developed, promising, noninvasive technique that evaluates tissue stiffness, has become one of the main focuses in thyroid imaging. There are two ultrasound elastography methods: strain ultrasound elastography (also known as real-time elastography or qualitative elastography) and shear wave elastography (quantitative elastography and acoustic radiation force impulse imaging). The purpose of this chapter is to present the principles of thyroid application, advantages, and limitations of both ultrasound elastography techniques

If You See It Once, You Do Not Forget: Lhermitte-Duclos Disease

Lhermitte- Duclos disease (LDD) is a rare disorder of unknown pathogenesis, characterized by typical magnetic resonance (MR) findings. LDD can be associated with Cowden’s syndrome. So preoperative diagnosis is important for excluding the other associated tumors. Herein we present two cases of LDD and describe typical MR signal characteristics

Unusual presentation of tubular breast carcinoma as non-mass enhancement

A tubular carcinoma is a rare and well-differentiated histological subtype of invasive ductal carcinoma. Its lesion is generally presented as a spiculated, solid mass on mammography, ultrasonography (US), and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) with posterior acoustic shadowing on US. Here, we describe unusual MRI findings of focal-type clumped non-mass enhancement and type 2 kinetic curve. This tumour should be included as a differential diagnosis with focal-type clumped non-mass enhancement on MRI, because this finding can refer benign lesions like as fibrocystic changes of breast. Keywords: Tubular carcinoma, Breast, MRI, Non-mass enhancemen