oralité, littératie

Plus de dix ans après une livraison de la revue Pratiques consacré aux travaux d’anthropologie du langage selon J. Goody, il nous parait nécessaire de faire le point sur les usages actuels de la notion de littératie et d’oralité, en linguistique, en didactique et en littérature. Ces termes d’oralité et de littératie – ce dernier surtout, avec l’acception commune de « culture écrite » – sont en effet omniprésents dans le champ théorique et professionnel mais souvent de façon dissociée. Cette livraison contribue à interroger leurs articulations selon trois volets distincts : Un volet épistémologique qui cartographie plus précisément les définitions sémiologiques, linguistiques et socio-symboliques des termes oralité et littératie ; et qui s’applique à clarifier les distinctions entre oral et oralité, entre scripturalité et littératie. Un volet d’applications pratiques à partir d’analyses variées sur les modalités de coprésence ou de de conjonction plus ou moins hybride de ces deux mêmes modes dans des discours, littéraires ou non. Un volet ouvert aux pratiques scolaires et à la didactique qui analyse des modes ou des stratégies d’entrée dans la littératie dans ses formes graphiques et ses dispositifs symboliques. Sans négliger la question des normes et des variations linguistiques quand il est question d’évaluer les productions langagières des élèves (qui écriraient comme ils parlent ?)

Brazilian Flora 2020: Leveraging the power of a collaborative scientific network

International audienceThe shortage of reliable primary taxonomic data limits the description of biological taxa and the understanding of biodiversity patterns and processes, complicating biogeographical, ecological, and evolutionary studies. This deficit creates a significant taxonomic impediment to biodiversity research and conservation planning. The taxonomic impediment and the biodiversity crisis are widely recognized, highlighting the urgent need for reliable taxonomic data. Over the past decade, numerous countries worldwide have devoted considerable effort to Target 1 of the Global Strategy for Plant Conservation (GSPC), which called for the preparation of a working list of all known plant species by 2010 and an online world Flora by 2020. Brazil is a megadiverse country, home to more of the world's known plant species than any other country. Despite that, Flora Brasiliensis, concluded in 1906, was the last comprehensive treatment of the Brazilian flora. The lack of accurate estimates of the number of species of algae, fungi, and plants occurring in Brazil contributes to the prevailing taxonomic impediment and delays progress towards the GSPC targets. Over the past 12 years, a legion of taxonomists motivated to meet Target 1 of the GSPC, worked together to gather and integrate knowledge on the algal, plant, and fungal diversity of Brazil. Overall, a team of about 980 taxonomists joined efforts in a highly collaborative project that used cybertaxonomy to prepare an updated Flora of Brazil, showing the power of scientific collaboration to reach ambitious goals. This paper presents an overview of the Brazilian Flora 2020 and provides taxonomic and spatial updates on the algae, fungi, and plants found in one of the world's most biodiverse countries. We further identify collection gaps and summarize future goals that extend beyond 2020. Our results show that Brazil is home to 46,975 native species of algae, fungi, and plants, of which 19,669 are endemic to the country. The data compiled to date suggests that the Atlantic Rainforest might be the most diverse Brazilian domain for all plant groups except gymnosperms, which are most diverse in the Amazon. However, scientific knowledge of Brazilian diversity is still unequally distributed, with the Atlantic Rainforest and the Cerrado being the most intensively sampled and studied biomes in the country. In times of “scientific reductionism”, with botanical and mycological sciences suffering pervasive depreciation in recent decades, the first online Flora of Brazil 2020 significantly enhanced the quality and quantity of taxonomic data available for algae, fungi, and plants from Brazil. This project also made all the information freely available online, providing a firm foundation for future research and for the management, conservation, and sustainable use of the Brazilian funga and flora