Parent perceptions of the quality of life of pet dogs living with neuro-typically developing and neuro-atypically developing children: an exploratory study

There is growing scientific and societal recognition of the role that pet dogs can play in healthy development of children; both those who are neuro-typically developing and those who live with a neuro-developmental disorder, such as autism or attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. However, little attention has been paid to how living with children positively and negatively affects quality of life of a pet dog. In this exploratory study we conducted semi-structured interviews with parents of neuro-typically developing children (n = 18) and those with a neuro-developmental disorder (n = 18) who owned a pet dog, until no new factors were identified. Living with children brought potentially positive benefits to the dog’s life including: imposition of a routine, participation in recreational activities and the development of a strong bond between the child and the dog. The importance of maintaining a routine was particularly prevalent in families with children with neuro-developmental disorders. Potential negative factors included having to cope with child meltdowns and tantrums, over stimulation from child visitors, harsh contact and rough and tumble play with the child. The regularity and intensity of meltdowns and tantrums was particularly evident in responses from parents with children with a neuro-developmental disorder. However, child visitors and rough play and contact were mentioned similarly across the groups. Protective factors included having a safe haven for the dog to escape to, parent’s awareness of stress signs and child education in dog-interaction. Parents were also asked to complete a stress response scale to provide an initial quantitative comparison of stress responses between dogs living with the two family-types. Parents with neuro-typically developing children more frequently observed their dog rapidly running away from a situation and less frequently observed their dog widening their eyes, than parents with children with a neuro-developmental disorder. We propose the development of a stress audit based on the findings reported here, to prevent potential dangerous situations, which may lead to dog bites and dog relinquishment and allow owners to maximise the benefits of dog ownership

Come for the looks, stay for the personality? A mixed methods investigation of reacquisition and owner recommendation of Bulldogs, French Bulldogs and Pugs

Brachycephalic breeds are proliferating internationally, with dramatic rises in popularity juxtaposed with common and severe breed-related health problems. Physical appearance is as a dominant factor attracting owners to brachycephalic breeds; however, whether these owners will choose their current breed for future ownership and develop 'breed-loyalty' in the face of health problems is not yet known. The aims of this study were (1) to quantify levels of, and explore factors associated with, brachycephalic dog owners' intentions to: (i) reacquire and/or (ii) recommend their current breed to potential first-time dog owners, and (2) to use qualitative methods to explore why brachycephalic dog owners would or would not recommend their current breed. This large mixed methods study reports on 2168 owners of brachycephalic breeds (Pugs: n = 789; French Bulldog: n = 741; Bulldogs: n = 638). Owners were highly likely to want to own their breed again in the future (93.0%) and recommend their breed to other owners (65.5%). Statistical modelling identified that first-time ownership and increased strength of the dog-owner relationship increased the likelihood of reacquisi-tion and/or recommendation. In contrast, an increased number of health problems, positive perception of their dog's health compared with the rest of their breed, and dog behaviour being worse than expected decreased the likelihood of reacquisition and/or recommendation. Thematic analyses constructed three themes describing why owners recommend their breed: positive behavioural attributes for a companion dog, breed suited to a sedentary lifestyle with limited space, and suitability for households with children. Five themes described why owners recommended against their breed: high prevalence of health problems, expense of ownership, ethical and welfare issues associated with breeding brachycephalic dogs, negative effects upon owner lifestyle and negative behavioural attributes. Understanding how breed-loyalty develops, and whether it can be attenuated, will be key to controlling the current population boom in brachycephalic breeds in the long-term

Behavioural responses to unexpected changes in reward quality

Successive negative contrast (SNC) effects are changes in anticipatory or consummatory behaviour when animals unexpectedly receive a lower value reward than they have received previously. SNC effects are often assumed to reflect frustration and appear to be influenced by background affective state. However, alternative explanations of SNC, such as the functional-search hypothesis, do not necessarily imply an aversive affective state. We tested 18 dogs in a SNC paradigm using a patch foraging task. Dogs were tested in two conditions, once with the low value reward in all of five trials (unshifted) and once when reward value was altered between high and low (shifted). Following a reward downshift, subjects showed a SNC effect by switching significantly more often between patches compared to the unshifted condition. However, approach latency, foraging time and quantity consumed did not differ between conditions, suggesting non-affective functional search behaviour rather than frustration. There was no relationship between strength of SNC and anxiety-related behaviours as measured in a novel object test and a personality questionnaire (C-BARQ). However, associations with the C-BARQ scores for Trainability and Stranger directed aggression suggest a possible link with behavioural flexibility and coping style. While reward quality clearly affects incentive motivation, the relationship between SNC, frustration and background affective state requires further exploration

Strategien zur Angstreduktion in der Kleintierpraxis Teil 1 Stressreduzierende Methoden im Umgang mit Hund und Katze

Furcht und Angst sind im Zusammenhang mit dem Tierarztbesuch bei Hunden und Katzen weitverbreitet. Die wichtigsten Massnahmen für einen möglichst angst- und stressfreien Tierarztbesuch für Hunde und Katzen werden im Artikel vorgestellt. Dazu zählen die Anpassung der Infrastruktur an die Bedürfnisse der Tiere (z.B. Sichtbarrieren und erhöhte Ablageplätze für Katzenkörbe im Wartezimmer), der direkte Umgang mit den Tieren (z. B. deeskalierende Körpersprache, minimale Fixierung soweit möglich) und die Berücksichtigung des Einflusses des Tierhalters auf das Wohlbefinden der Tiere. Neben der Minimierung von aversiven Erlebnissen stellt das Schaffen von positiven Verknüpfungen mit der Praxis und dem Tierarztteam einen wichtigen Baustein zur Angstvermeidung und -reduktion bei Tieren dar. Dies kann besonders einfach durch freizügige Verwendung von hochwertigen Futterbelohnungen oder Spielzeug bewerkstelligt werden. Viele dieser Massnahmen können einfach und mit wenig Zeitaufwand umgesetzt werden und so das Wohlbefinden der Patienten und die Zufriedenheit der Kunden verbessern

Strategien zur Angstreduktion in der Kleintierpraxis, Teil 2 Massnahmen zur Therapie, Prävention und Einsatz anxiolytischer Medikamente

Dieser Artikel beschreibt Maßnahmen, um Tierarztangst bei Hunden und Katzen zu behandeln oder gar nicht erst entstehen zu lassen. Dazu zählen die Anwendung einer Desensibilisierung und Gegenkonditionierung, das Schaffen positiver Assoziationen, beispielsweise im Rahmen von „Happy Visits“, sowie „Medical Training“, bei welchem die Tiere lernen, aktiv ihre Zustimmung zu Prozeduren zu geben, indem sie ein vorher trainiertes Verhalten ausführen. Anxiolytische Medikamente, welche durch die Besitzer vor dem Tierarztbesuch verabreicht werden, können weitere Negativerfahrungen verhindern und neue positive Verknüpfungen erleichtern. Im besten Fall kann Tierarztangst bei Hunden und Katzen durch Anwendung von stressreduzierenden Methoden und dem Ermöglichen positiver Erfahrungen verhindert werden. Besonders nachhaltige Auswirkungen kann dabei der erste Eindruck eines Hunde- oder Katzenwelpen beim Erstbesuch haben. Auch vorbereitendes Training (Gewöhnung an Berührungen, Transportbox- und Maulkorbtraining) leistet einen wichtigen Beitrag zum angstfreien Tierarztbesuch