Assessing criterion and longitudinal validity of submaximal heart rate indices as measures of cardiorespiratory fitness:a preliminary study in football

Objectives To evaluate the criterion and longitudinal validity of field- and laboratory-derived heart rate (HR) indices of resting and submaximal fitness tests (SMFTs) as measures of cardiorespiratory fitness. Design Observational, repeated measures. Methods Twenty-nine semi-professional footballers participated. Laboratory assessments took place at the start and end of a preseason training period, whereby resting, SMFT HR-derived indices, and criterion measures of cardiorespiratory fitness (running economy [RE], maximal oxygen uptake [V̇ O2 max] and aerobic speed [MAS]) were collected. Throughout this training period, two field-based SMFT protocols, prescribed at different intensities, were administered weekly. Individual slopes were calculated from the analysis of within-athlete change scores. Associations between laboratory and field measures were assessed via Pearson's correlation coefficient (r) and linear regression models. Results Relationships between SMFT HR-derived indices from laboratory and field were very-large for exercise HR (r = 0.74 to 0.87) and moderate to very-large for HR recovery (0.43 to 0.76). Moderate to very-large inverse relationships were observed between exercise HR and HR recovery with V̇ O2 max and MAS (−0.41 to −0.78), whereas resting HR showed no substantial relationships. Changes in exercise HR showed large and very-large inverse correlations with preseason changes in V̇ O2 max (−0.54 to −0.60) and MAS (−0.64 to −0.83). Relationships between changes in HR recovery and maximal cardiorespiratory criterion measures were moderate to large (−0.32 to −0.63). Conclusion SMFT exercise HR is a valid proxy measure of cardiorespiratory fitness irrespective of test setting, whereas the validity of HRR remains elusive and appears to vary between exercise intensities

Safety and Efficacy of Gatifloxacin Therapy for Children with Recurrent Acute Otitis Media (AOM) and/or AOM Treatment Failure

Background. Because of concerns about arthrotoxicity, fluoroquinolones are restricted for use in children. This study describes the safety and efficacy of gatifloxacin when used for treatment of children with recurrent acute otitis media (ROM) or acute otitis media (AOM) treatment failure (AOMTF). Methods. We performed an analysis of 867 children included in 4 clinical trials who had ROM and/or AOMTF and were treated with gatifloxacin (10 mg/kg once daily for 10 days). Results. Gatifloxacin had adverse event rates that were similar overall to those of a comparator antibiotic (amoxicillin-clavulanate), except for increased diarrhea in children !2 years old receiving amoxicillin-clavulanate. There was no evidence of arthrotoxicity, hepatotoxicity, alteration of glucose homeostasis, or central nervous system toxicity acutely or during 1 year follow-up in any child. Regarding efficacy, in 2 noncomparative trials, the gatifloxacin cure rate of AOM was 89% (95% confidence interval [CI], 83%-95%) at the test of cure (TOC) visit, 3-10 days after completion of therapy. In 2 comparative trials of gatifloxacin versus amoxicillin-clavulanate, the efficacy of gatifloxacin was 88% (95% CI, 82%-94%). Gatifloxacin led to better clinical outcomes than amoxicillinclavulanate for AOMTF (91% vs. 81%; ), for AOMTF and age !2 years old (89% vs. 69%; ), P p .029 P p .009 and for severe AOM in children !2 years old (90% vs. 75%; ). Among children with AOMTF previously P p .012 treated with amoxicillin-clavulanate or ceftriaxone injections, gatifloxacin cure rates were high (88% and 75%, respectively). Conclusions. Gatifloxacin appears to be safe for children, with no evidence of producing arthrotoxicity in 867 children exposed to the antibiotic when used as treatment for ROM and AOMTF

Streptococcus pneumoniae Upper Respiratory Carriage in Costa Rican Children with Otitis Media before the Introduction of the Heptavalent Conjugated Vaccine in the National Immunization Program

Objective: The aim of this study was to analyze the NP/OP S. pneumoniae serotype distribution and potential vaccine coverage in Costa Rican children with Otitis Media (OM) before the introduction of PCV-7 in the National Immunization Program (NIP). Methods: Between 2002 and 2006, NP and OP samples were obtained from 641 children from 6 to 79 months of age, at the time of OM diagnosis. S. pneumoniae serotyping and antimicrobial susceptibility were performed. Results: 386 S. pneumoniae isolates were recovered. The most common S. pneumoniae serotypes (ST) were: ST 6B, ST 14, ST 19F. Penicillin non-susceptibility was observed among 57% of the isolates obtained from children 24 months of age. Antibiotic non-susceptibility and MDR were significantly higher in children <24 months of age. This study demonstrates that PCV-13 offers the highest potential vaccine coverage and serves to assess the impact of introduction of one of the conjugated vaccines in the NIP in Costa Rica.UCR::Vicerrectoría de Docencia::Salud::Facultad de Farmaci

Upper Respiratory Tract Colonization With Streptococcus pneumoniae in Adults

Introduction: Most of the current evidence regarding pneumococcal upper respiratory colonization in adults suggests that despite high disease burden, carriage prevalence is low. Contemporary studies on adult pneumococcal colonization have largely followed the pediatric approach by which samples are obtained mostly from the nasopharynx and bacterial detection is evaluated by routine culture alone. Recent evidence suggests that the ‘pediatric approach’ may be insufficient in adults and pneumococcal detection in this population may be improved by longitudinal studies that include samples from additional respiratory sites combined with more extensive laboratory testing. Areas covered: In this article, relevant literature published in peer review journals on adult pneumococcal colonization, epidemiology, detection methods, and recommendations were reviewed. Expert opinion: Respiratory carriage of Streptococcus pneumoniae has been underestimated in adults. Contemporary pneumococcal carriage studies in adults that collect samples from alternative respiratory sites such as the oropharynx, saliva, or nasal wash; are culture-enriched for pneumococcus; and use molecular diagnostic methods designed to target two pneumococcal DNA sequences should enhance pneumococcal detection in the adult respiratory tract. This finding may have implications for the interpretation of dynamics of pneumococcal transmission and vaccination

Enfermedad meningocócica: epidemiología, diagnóstico y vacunación Meningococcal disease: epidemiology, diagnosis and vaccination

La enfermedad meningocócica invasiva causada por N. meningitidis es un problema global de salud pública, por su alta morbilidad y mortalidad. Esta patología es causada en su mayoría por los serogrupos A, B, C, W-135 e Y. La prevención mediante la vacunación es la mejor herramienta para disminuir la carga mundial de esta enfermedad. Las vacunas no conjugadas que toman como base solo el polisacárido externo, aun cuando son beneficiosas en epidemias, producen pobre inmunogenicidad a largo plazo en los niños menores de dos años de edad, que representan la población de mayor riesgo. Las vacunas de nueva generación, en donde el polisacárido es conjugado con proteínas transportadoras, producen respuesta inmune en niños menores de 2 años, lo cual podría producir una reducción importante de la enfermedad en esta población de alto riesgo. Las nuevas técnicas de detección están contribuyendo a mejorar el pronóstico de la enfermedad, al permitir un diagnóstico más temprano y específico, conducentes a un tratamiento más oportuno. La creación de vacunas que confieran una protección más amplia, especialmente contra el serogrupo B, y protejan a la población en mayor riesgo, sigue siendo un reto.Invasive meningococcal disease caused by N. meningitidis is a global public health problem due to its high morbidity and mortality. Most cases are caused by serotypes A, B, C, W-135 and Y. Currently, prevention through vaccination is the best tool to decrease the global burden caused by this disease. Non-conjugated vaccines that utilize as its basis only the polysaccharide capsule are helpful in epidemic scenarios, but fail to produce adequate long-term immunogenicity in the population at greater risk, those under 2 years of age. New generation vaccines, in which the polysaccharide is conjugated to protein carriers, induce a better immune response in the population under 2 years of age. Such an improved immune response could eventually have a significant impact on the population at higher risk. Recent findings in diagnostic techniques are contributing to improve the prognosis of this disease by allowing for an earlier and more specific diagnosis that leads to an earlier onset of treatment. The development of vaccines that provide wider serotype coverage, especially against serotype B, and induce protection to the population at greatest risk remains a challenge

Estado actual de la vacuna recombinante contra el virus del papiloma humano State of the art on human papillomavirus vaccine

La infección por el virus del papiloma humano (VPH) es una enfermedad de transmisión sexual común. Alrededor del mundo millones de personas están infectadas y el resto de la población en general tiene un riesgo de contraer la infección superior al 50%. El virus se asocia aproximadamente a un 100% de los casos de cáncer cervical; a un 100% de las neoplasias cervicales intraepiteliales grados 1, 2, 3; a un 40% de los casos de cáncer de vulva, vagina y pene, 100% de las verrugas genitales; a un 100% de las papilomatosis respiratorias recurrentes; a un 90% del cáncer anal y a un 12% del cáncer de cabeza y cuello, predominantemente en orofaringe y amígdala. Actualmente, el uso de dos vacunas está aprobado en diversos países: Gardasil® y Cervarix®. Ambas están compuestas por proteínas L1 de VPH, en forma de partículas no infecciosas similares al virus (VLPs) producidas por tecnología de ADN recombinante, adsorbidas en adyuvantes que contienen aluminio. La eficacia hallada en diversos estudios en sujetos no expuestos previamente al virus se encuentran en el rango del 98.8% al 100.0% para la prevención de neoplasias cervicales, vulvares y vaginales intraepiteliales, grados 2 y 3, relacionados con el VPH-16/18, además de los adenocarcinomas in situ y verrugas genitales causadas por VPH- 16/18/6/11 en el caso de Gardasil® y una eficacia del 100% en el caso de Cervarix® para la prevención de neoplasias cervicales grado 2 y 3 relacionados con el VPH-16/18. La eficacia de ambas se mantiene alrededor de los 5 años. Hasta el momento no se le ha atribuido a la vacuna ningún efecto terapéutico, solo se administra con fines profilácticos, sin embargo, esta no debe ser considerada como un sustituto de las pruebas de tamizaje para la prevención del cáncer cervical.Genital human papillomavirus (HPV) is one of the most common sexually transmitted infections worldwide. Millions of persons are now infected and the lifetime risk of HPV infection exceeds 50%. HPV is approximately 100% related to the total cases of cervical cancer, 100% of cervical intraepithelial neoplasias grade 1, 2, and 3; 40% of vulva, vagina and penile cancer, 100% of genital warts, 100% of recurrent respiratory papillomatosis and 12% of head and neck cancer. Licensed vaccines, Gardasil® and Cervarix®, are composed of a noninfectious mixture of HPV type-specific virus-like particles prepared from the L1 proteins produced by recombinant DNA technology and adsorbed in a aluminum-containing adjuvant. Data from several studies of both vaccines reported a range of efficacy of 98,9 % to 100.0% for the prevention of cervical, vulvar and vaginal intraepithelial neoplasias degrees 2 and 3, and therefore, cervical, vulvar and vaginal cancer related to the VPH-16/18; in addition to in situ adenocarcinomas and genital warts caused by VPH-16/18/6/11. The effectiveness for both vaccines is maintained for at least 5 years. At the moment no therapeutic effect has been attributed and the vaccine use is prophylactic, nevertheless, vaccination should not be considered as a substitute for cervical cancer screening

Avances en el desarrollo de las vacunas neumocócicas conjugadas Update on Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccines

El Streptococcus pneumoniae se encuentra entre los mayores patógenos causantes de infecciones invasoras y no invasoras en los dos extremos de la vida: en niños menores de 5 años y en personas mayores de 65 años de edad. Las principales manifestaciones asociadas a infecciones neumocócicas son: neumonía, bacteriemia febril, septicemia, otitis media y meningitis. Esta bacteria es uno de los principales agentes involucrados en la mortalidad infantil, con un estimado de 1, 000,000 de muertes globales por año, en niños menores de 5 años de edad, la mayoría provenientes de países en vías de desarrollo, por lo que es considerada como un serio problema para la salud pública alrededor del mundo. En el 2000 se introdujo al mercado de los Estados Unidos de Norte América, la primera vacuna neumocócica conjugada, que a diferencia de la ya disponible vacuna neumocócica polisacárida, es capaz de proporcionar una respuesta inmune efectiva para la protección de niños menores de 2 años. La eficacia reportada para la vacuna conjugada heptavalente en los ensayos clínicos iniciales fue de un 97.4% contra la enfermedad neumocócica invasora producida por los serotipos incluidos en la vacuna (4, 9V, 14, 19F, 23F, 18C y 6B). En la actualidad diferentes entidades regulatorias, incluyendo la Agencia Europea de Medicamentos (EMEA), han autorizado la comercialización de la vacuna conjugada 10-valente, en la que, además de los serotipos descritos para la vacuna 7-valente, se incluyen los serotipos 1, 5 y 7F; de estos diez serotipos, ocho se encuentran conjugados con la proteína transportadora D, un elemento que se encuentra en la porción externa del Haemophilus influenzae. La otra nueva vacuna conjugada que está en fase de análisis por diferentes entidades regulatorias, incluyendo la Administración de Alimentos y Drogas de los Estados Unidos (FDA) y la EMEA, pero que ya fue aprobada en Chile, es la que contiene 13 serotipos: los diez de la vacuna 10-valente y los serotipos 3, 6A y 19A. En el caso de la vacuna 13-valente, todos los serotipos están conjugados con el transportador CRM197. Estas nuevas formulaciones pretenden ampliar la cobertura contra el S. pneumoniae, incluyendo serotipos frecuentes en países en vías de desarrollo (serotipo 1 y 5) y serotipos emergentes luego de una década de la vacunación con la vacuna 7-valente, como son: 3, 6A, 17F y 19A.Streptococcus pneumoniae is one of the major pathogens causing invasive and non invasive infections in children younger than 5 years as well as in the elderly. Primary clinical syndromes associated with pneumococcal infections are pneumonia, bacteremia, acute otitis media and meningitis. This microorganism contributes importantly to morbidity and mortality among children under 5 years of age, it is estimated that 1,000, 000 deaths occurs per year in that age range alone, mostly from developing countries, thus becoming a serious public health problem around the globe. In year 2000 the first heptavalent conjugated pneumococcal vaccine was licensed in the United States of America, it differed from the already available polysaccharide pneumococcal vaccine, by its ability to provide an effective immune response for the protection of children under the age of 2. The efficacy of the heptavalent conjugated vaccine reported in initial clinical trials was 97, 4% against invasive pneumococcal disease related to vaccine serotypes (4, 9V, 14, 19F, 23F, 18C and 6B). Different health authorities worldwide, including the European Medicines Agency (EMEA) had approved the introduction of a 10-valent formulation which includes all 7 PCV7 serotypes plus serotypes 1, 5 and 7F; 8 serotypes are conjugated with protein D as a novel carrier, an element found in the outer core of the non-typeable Haemophilus influenzae. Another new conjugated vaccine is being assessed by several regulatory entities such as the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and EMEA and in Chile is already approved. This 13-valent formulation includes the 10 serotypes contained in the 10-valent vaccine plus serotypes 3, 6A and 19A, all conjugated to the carrier protein CRM197. These new formulations pretend to enhance vaccine coverage against S. pneumoniae including the frequent serotypes in developing countries (1 and 5) and emerging serotypes such as serotypes 3, 6A, 17F and 9A after a decade of PCV7 immunization

Estado actual de la vacuna recombinante contra el virus del papiloma humano

La infección por el virus del papiloma humano (VPH) es una enfermedad de transmisión sexual común. Alrededor del mundo millones de personas están infectadas y el resto de la población en general tiene un riesgo de contraer la infección superior al 50%. El virus se asocia aproximadamente a un 100% de los casos de cáncer cervical; a un 100% de las neoplasias cervicales intraepiteliales grados 1, 2, 3; a un 40% de los casos de cáncer de vulva, vagina y pene, 100% de las verrugas genitales; a un 100% de las papilomatosis respiratorias recurrentes; a un 90% del cáncer anal y a un 12% del cáncer de cabeza y cuello, predominantemente en orofaringe y amígdala. Actualmente, el uso de dos vacunas está aprobado en diversos países: Gardasil® y Cervarix®. Ambas están compuestas por proteínas L1 de VPH, en forma de partículas no infecciosas similares al virus (VLPs) producidas por tecnología de ADN recombinante, adsorbidas en adyuvantes que contienen aluminio. La eficacia hallada en diversos estudios en sujetos no expuestos previamente al virus se encuentran en el rango del 98.8% al 100.0% para la prevención de neoplasias cervicales, vulvares y vaginales intraepiteliales, grados 2 y 3, relacionados con el VPH-16/18, además de los adenocarcinomas in situ y verrugas genitales causadas por VPH- 16/18/6/11 en el caso de Gardasil® y una eficacia del 100% en el caso de Cervarix® para la prevención de neoplasias cervicales grado 2 y 3 relacionados con el VPH-16/18. La eficacia de ambas se mantiene alrededor de los 5 años. Hasta el momento no se le ha atribuido a la vacuna ningún efecto terapéutico, solo se administra con fines profilácticos, sin embargo, esta no debe ser considerada como un sustituto de las pruebas de tamizaje para la prevención del cáncer cervical

Otitis media: conceptos actuales

La otitis media aguda es uno de los motivos más frecuentes de consulta en la edad pediátrica. Los gérmenes que con mayor frecuencia se aíslan en el oído medio de estos pacientes son el Streptococcus pneumoniae, el Haemophilus influenzae, la Moraxella catarrhalis y el Streptococcus pyogenes. El patrón de resistencia antibiótica de estas bacterias varía dependiendo de la región geográfica. y es la base fundamental para establecer recomendaciones terapéuticas. El análisis en Costa Rica. de la microbiología de la otitis media aguda, otitis media recurrente y otitis media catalogada como falla terapéutica, sugiere que la amoxicilina en una dosis de 50 mg/Kg/día por 10 días, debe ser considerada el antibiótico de primera línea en los casos de otitis media aguda. En los pacientes con otitis media recurrente, falla antimicrobiana o cuando se sospeche la presencia de un Streptococcus pneumoniae resistente a la penicilina, se debe considerar el uso de amoxicilina en dosis más elevadas, amoxicilina con ácido clavulánico, macrólidos o ceftrlaxona.Otitis media is one of the most common causes of consultation among the pediatric population. The pathogens most frequently isolated from middle ear fluid are Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, Moraxella catarrhalis and Streptococcus pyogenes. Antimicrobial resistance patterns vary by region and their knowledge is considered important in order to achieve proper antimicrobial selection. In Costa Rica the microbiology of patients with acute, recurrent and tteattnent failure otitis media has been recently analyzed. The results of these studies indicate that amoxicillin at 50 mg/kg/day for 10 days should be considered first line of therapy for patients with acute otitis media. In patients with recurrent otitis media, therapeutic failures or in patients at risk of having a penicillin non-susceptible Streptococcus pneumoniae, one of the second line agents should be considered