Time Present and Time Past Are both perhaps Present in Time Future And Time Future contained in Time Past

Abstract The article provides a brief overview of past research on organizational learning. Current research themes are identified, including taking a fine-grained approach to characterizing organizational experience, understanding the role of the organizational context in organizational learning, and analyzing processes and outcomes of knowledge creation, retention and transfer. The article concludes with a discussion of future research that is likely to advance our understanding of organizational learning. (TS Eliot, Burnt Norton, Number 1, Four Quartets,1941) The quotation from TS Eliot is fitting as a beginning to this article on two counts. First, just as Elliott wrote about the present, past and future, the article aims to describe the past, present and future of organizational learning research. Second, the quote befits an article on organizational learning because organizational learning is the process through which the past affects the present and the future. The article begins with a brief overview of past research on organizational learning. The publication o

Jack of All, Master of Some: The Contingent Effect of Knowledge Breadth on Innovation

This study investigates how individuals’ knowledge structure affects their new product ideation outcome. Because individuals who possess diverse knowledge can potentially create more novel recombination, broad knowledge has been touted as the key driver of innovation. Yet, a shallow grasp of a wide array of knowledge might be sufficient to generate novel ideas but are insufficient to produce innovative ideas that should also be useful and economically feasible. Deep knowledge complements broad knowledge by aiding individuals to effectively combine diverse set of knowledge and to identify constraints of potential solutions. Consequently, individuals with both broad and deep knowledge are expected to outperform those who only possess broad knowledge in innovation tasks. Our findings in a new product idea crowdsourcing community are consistent with our predictions: knowledge breadth feeds into novelty of ideas, but its effect on usefulness and innovativeness of ideas is contingent on the presence of deep knowledge

Information Technology and Organizational Learning: An Empirical Analysis

Organizational learning theory suggests that organizations “learn from experience” and are thus able to adapt their range of potential behaviors through the processing of information. Our research integrates this perspective with information systems economics theory and empirically tests whether new information technology investments contribute to an organization’s ability to learn from experience. Based on a cross- sectional time series analysis of data spanning 48 months and six independently operated payment processing facilities owned by a major international financial institution, our results indicate that IT has a significant positive impact on the rate at which organizations can translate learning from cumulative experience into incremental productivity gains

Knowledge Utilization, Coordination, and Team Performance

Considerable research has established the superior performance of teams on which team members utilize specialized knowledge and also develop transactive processes that promote coordination. Less is known, however, about the consequences for team performance when team members only possess one of the two productivity factors. We develop and test a framework highlighting the distinct challenges these teams will face. In particular, our results show that each productivity factor contributed significantly more to team performance when the other factor was present. And our findings also illustrate a potential failure mode for knowledge utilization. If team members could not coordinate their collective efforts, utilizing knowledge undermined team performance. Our framework outlines a similar risk for too much coordination, if team members cannot utilize their specialized knowledge and are asked to perform a task with a “rugged” performance landscape. We discuss the implications of our framework and results for theory and practice

Communication networks and team performance: selecting members to network positions

This study examines how individuals come to occupy communication network positions and the effect of selection processes on group performance. Drawing on the Carnegie perspective and research on communication networks, we compare the performance of groups whose members receive their choice of who occupies which network position to the performance of groups whose members do not receive their choice. We integrate ideas from the Carnegie perspective with the social psychological literature on the recognition of expertise to theorize that when group members choose who occupies which network positions, individuals select themselves and others into network positions that best suit their skillsets. The selection process allows groups to match individual member expertise to network position, thereby improving performance. We test this hypothesis in a laboratory study manipulating how members are assigned to positions in a centralized communication network. We find individuals who communicate more during training are more likely to be chosen as the central member, and that their communication activity explains the effect of choosing the central member on performance. Supplemental analyses suggest that groups allowed to select their central member performed as well as, and often better than, groups whose central member was randomly assigned. Our results contribute to the Carnegie perspective by demonstrating that the intra-team processes that develop a team’s network help explain their performance

Plantas medicinales de la familia Verbenaceae con potencial antifúngico contra hongos levaduriformes

Introducción: Se conoce que una gran cantidad de personas mueren al año a causa de enfermedades causadas por hongos, especialmente hongos levaduriformes dentro del cual se destaca el género Candida; el aumento de infecciones fúngicas se relaciona al aumento de pacientes con riesgo de adquirirlas, nuevas especies patógenas y resistencia a los antifúngicos convencionales, por esto, se han venido adelantando estudios del potencial bioactivo de las plantas conocidas mediante estudios etnobotánicos y uso tradicional, siendo la familia Verbenaceae de gran interés por los metabolitos secundarios que produce y por su diversidad de especies para América Latina. Con este trabajo de revisión y teniendo en cuenta diferentes criterios de inclusión, se busca seleccionar y describir las plantas de la familia Verbenaceae con mayor potencial antifúngico frente a hongos levaduriformes patógenos. Materiales y métodos: Se realizó una revisión sistemática para lo cual se emplearon 3 bases de datos (Pubmed, ScienceDirect, Web of Science) y el motor de búsqueda Google Académico; aplicando criterios de inclusión y exclusión y un intervalo de búsqueda entre los años 2015 a 2020 se seleccionaron los artículos más citados o relevantes. Resultados y discusión: Se encontraron 5 géneros y 20 especies con potencial actividad antifúngica, siendo las especies del género Lippia las que presentaron mayor actividad; los análisis fitoquímicos reportan en su mayoría metabolitos tipo terpenos como carvacrol, timol, linanol y geraniol. En la mayoría de los estudios se evaluaron aceites esenciales a los que se les atribuye la actividad antifúngica probada principalmente sobre C. albicans, siendo esta una especie de interés clínico. Dentro de las técnicas de evaluación in vitro la que se reportó en la mayoría de los estudios fue el método de microdilución en caldo. Conclusión: Se encontraron cinco géneros de la familia Verbenaceae con potencial actividad antifúngica, Aloysia, Lantana, Lippia, Stachytarpheta y Verbena, resaltándose las especies Lippia berlandieri y Lippia graveolens por su alta actividad frente a Candida albicans y Cryptococcus neoformans. Se la importancia de diferentes géneros y especies de la familia Verbenaceae para futuras investigaciones, orientadas al desarrollo de alternativas terapéuticas naturales para el tratamiento y control de las infecciones fúngica