VTAC: Virtual terrain assisted impact assessment for cyber attacks

Recently, there has been substantial research in the area of network security. Correlation of intrusion detection sensor alerts, vulnerability analysis, and threat projection are all being studied in hopes to relieve the workload that analysts have in monitoring their networks. Having an automated algorithm that can estimate the impact of cyber attacks on a network is another facet network analysts could use in defending their networks and gaining better overall situational awareness. Impact assessment involves determining the effect of a cyber attack on a network. Impact algorithms may consider items such as machine importance, connectivity, user accounts, known attacker capability, and similar machine configurations. Due to the increasing number of attacks, constantly changing vulnerabilities, and unknown attacker behavior, automating impact assessment is a non-trivial task. This work develops a virtual terrain that contains network and machine characteristics relevant to impact assessment. Once populated, this virtual terrain is used to perform impact assessment algorithms. The goal of this work is to investigate and propose an impact assessment system to assist network analysts in prioritizing attacks and analyzing overall network status. VTAC is tested with several scenarios over a network with a variety of configurations. Insights into the results of the scenarios, including how the network topologies and network asset configurations affect the impact analysis are discussed

VTAC: Virtual Terrain Assisted Impact Assessment for Cyber Attacks

Overwhelming intrusion alerts have made timely response to network security breaches a difficult task. Correlating alerts to produce a higher level view of intrusion state of a network, thus, becomes an essential element in network defense. This work proposes to analyze correlated or grouped alerts and determine their ‘impact’ to services and users of the network. A network is modeled as ‘virtual terrain’ where cyber attacks maneuver. Overlaying correlated attack tracks on virtual terrain exhibits the vulnerabilities exploited by each track and the relationships between them and different network entities. The proposed impact assessment algorithm utilizes the graph-based virtual terrain model and combines assessments of damages caused by the attacks. The combined impact scores allow to identify severely damaged network services and affected users. Several scenarios are examined to demonstrate the uses of the proposed Virtual Terrain Assisted Impact Assessment for Cyber Attacks (VTAC)

Entwicklung einer geeigneten Methode und Messung der Normalkräfte während der Kompositpolymerisation

Objectives Bulk-fill composites are a further development in the field of dental filling materials. According to the manufacturer, these materials can be placed in larger increments than conventional filling materials during the filling therapy and generate less polymerization shrinkage stress. The aim of the present study is to develop a suitable method to measure and compare the polymerization shrinkage stress (PSS) of different composite materials. Materials and Methods Reproducibility and attachment of the tested materials on different kinds of pretreated glass- or pmma-rods were investigated in preliminary tests. The pmma-rods that were sandblasted with aluminium oxide and treated with silane and bonding material showed the best results. 11 composites were tested: Ceram X Mono (CXM, Dentsply, Konstanz), Clearfil Majesty Esthetic (CME, Kuraray, Japan), Clearfil Majesty Posterior (CMP, Kuraray, Japan), Estelite Sigma Quick (ESQ, Tokuyama, Japan), Filtek Supreme XTE (FIS, 3M ESPE, Seefeld), Grandio SO (GRA, Voco, Cuxhafen), Kalore (KAL, GC, Japan), SDR (SDR, Dentsply, Konstanz), Tetric EvoCeram (TEC, Ivoclar Vivadent, Lichtenstein), Tetric EvoCeram Bulk Fill (TEB, Ivoclar Vivadent, Lichtenstein), Venus Diamond (VED, Heraeus, Dormagen). The measurement of the PSS (n=10) was realized with the aid of pmma rods (Ø 5 mm) defining a 1 mm high testing space in a low compliance universal testing machine. All specimens were polymerized for 40 s (20 J/ cm²), while a strain transducer kept the height constant at 1 mm. Data were analyzed using one and two-way ANOVA (S-N-K, α=0.05). Results The results showed the lowest PSS for Clearfil Majesty Posterior (0,94MPa) and highest PSS for Tetric Evo Ceram Bulkfill (1,56MPa). A negative correlation between filler content of the tested materials and the measured PSS was found. Composites with higher filler load showed lower PSS. The initial rate of increase in stress build-up allows conclusions to be drawn about the expected result. The materials with fast stress build-up achieved higher final values of PSS, whereas the materials with a slow stress build-up showed lower final values. Conclusions Concluding the findings, composite materials with higher filler content showed lower PSS. The tested bulkfill material could not present itself with low PSS. Instead, it achieved the highest measured value. Composite materials for filling therapy should have a high proportion of filler. In addition, the rate of increase in stress build-up should be as low as possible during photopolymerization. As long as the data situation of the bulk fill composites is ambiguous, the indication should be made carefully. In order to minimize the risk of disintegration of the adhesive bond to the cavity, materials with a high filler content and low polymerization shrinkage stress should be used, especially in the posterior region. The increment technique can help control the volume and the C factor while minimizing the shrinkage stress.Zielsetzung Eine Weiterentwicklung im Bereich der dentalen Füllungsmaterialien sind die Bulk-Fill Komposite. Laut Hersteller sollen diese Werkstoffe bei der Füllungs-therapie in größeren Inkrementen als konventionelle Füllungsmaterialien eingebracht werden können und dabei weniger Polymerisations-schrumpfungsstress erzeugen. Das Ziel dieser Arbeit ist einen geeigneten Versuchsaufbau zur Messung des Polymerisationsschrumpfungsstresses (PSS) zu entwickeln und die Spannungskräfte von verschiedenen Kompositmaterialien während der Lichtpolymerisation zu erfassen und zu vergleichen. Material und Methode In Vorversuchen wurde die Reproduzierbarkeit und Haftkraft der getesteten Materialien an Glasstäben und PMMA- Stäben mit unterschiedlicher Vorbehandlung untersucht. Dabei zeigten diejenigen Stäbe, die mit Sandstrahlen mit Aluoxid, Silan und Bonding vorbereitet wurden die zuverlässigsten und besten Ergebnisse. Getestet wurden die folgenden elf Komposite: Ceram X Mono (CXM, Dentsply, Konstanz), Clearfil Majesty Esthetic (CME, Kuraray, Japan), Clearfil Majesty Posterior (CMP, Kuraray, Japan), Estelite Sigma Quick (ESQ, Tokuyama, Japan), Filtek Supreme XTE (FIS, 3M ESPE, Seefeld), Grandio SO (GRA, Voco, Cuxhafen), Kalore (KAL, GC, Japan), SDR (SDR, Dentsply, Konstanz), Tetric EvoCeram (TEC, Ivoclar Vivadent, Lichtenstein), Tetric EvoCeram Bulk Fill (TEB, Ivoclar Vivadent, Lichtenstein), Venus Diamond (VED, Heraeus, Dormagen). Die Messung der PSS (n=10) der genannten Kompositmaterialien erfolgte in einer universellen Prüfmaschine mit Hilfe der vorbehandelten PMMA Stäbe (Ø 5mm), die einen Probenraum von 1mm Höhe begrenzten. Eine Kraftmessdose zeichnete die auftretenden Kräfte während der Lichtpolymerisation (40 s, 20 J/ cm² Lichtleistung) auf, während ein Dehnungsaufnehmer den Probenraum konstant bei 1mm hielt. Zur statistischen Analyse wurden eine einfache und zweifache ANOVA und ein Kolmogorov- Smirnov- Anpassungstest durchgeführt (S-N-K, α=0.05). Ergebnisse Die gemessenen Schrumpfungskräfte waren bei Clearfil Majesty Posterior mit 0,94 MPa am geringsten, hingegen bei Tetric EvoCeram Bulk Fill mit 1,56 MPa am größten. Es konnte eine negative Korrelation zwischen vorliegendem Füllergehalt der zu untersuchenden Komposite und entstehender Schrumpfungsspannung beobachtet werden. Die initiale Steigungsrate des Spannungsaufbaus lässt Rückschlüsse auf das zu erwartende Ergebnis zu. So erzielten die Materialien mit schnellem Spannungsaufbau höhere Endwerte, wogegen die Materialien mit einem langsamen Spannungsaufbau kleinere Endwerte vorweisen konnten. Schlussfolgerungen In der Zusammenschau der Untersuchungsergebnisse kann festgehalten werden, dass Kompositmaterialien mit einem geringeren Fülleranteil zu einer höheren Polymerisationsschrumpfungsspannung führen. Das zu untersuchende Bulk-Fill Material konnte keine geringere Schrumpfungsspannung aufweisen. Es erzielte dagegen den größten gemessenen Wert. Kompositmaterialien zur Füllungstherapie sollten eine geringe Steigungsrate des Spannungsaufbaus während der Photopolymerisation aufweisen. Solange die Datenlage der Bulk Fill Komposite uneindeutig ist, sollte die Indikation vorsichtig gestellt werden. Um das Risiko der Desintegration des Adhäsivverbundes zur Kavität zu minimieren, sollten besonders im Seitenzahnbereich Materialien mit einem hohen Füllstoffgehalt und niedriger Polymersiationsschrumpfungsspannung eingesetzt werden. Die Inkrementtechnik kann bei der Kontrolle des Volumens und des C- Faktors bei der Minimierung der Schrumpfungsspannung helfen

Terrain and Behavior Modeling for Projecting Multistage Cyber Attacks

Contributions from the information fusion community have enabled comprehensible traces of intrusion alerts occurring on computer networks. Traced or tracked cyber attacks are the bases for threat projection in this work. Due to its complexity, we separate threat projection into two subtasks: predicting likely next targets and predicting attacker behavior. A virtual cyber terrain is proposed for identifying likely targets. Overlaying traced alerts onto the cyber terrain reveals exposed vulnerabilities, services, and hosts. Meanwhile, a novel attempt to extract cyber attack behavior is discussed. Leveraging traditional work on prediction and compression, this work identifies behavior patterns from traced cyber attack data. The extracted behavior patterns are expected to further refine projections deduced from the cyber terrain

Comparison between leached metakaolin and leached diatomaceous earth as raw materials for the synthesis of ZSM-5

Inexpensive raw materials have been used to prepare ZSM-5 zeolites with SiO(2)/Al(2)O(3) molar ratios in the range 20 – 40. Kaolin or Bolivian diatomaceous earth was used as aluminosilicate raw materials and sodium hydroxide and n-butylamine were used as mineralizing agents and template. Dealumination of the raw materials by acid leaching made it possible to reach appropriate SiO(2)/Al(2)O(3) ratios and to reduce the amount of iron and other impurities. After mixing the components and aging, hydrothermal treatment was carried out and the products were recovered The results clearly show for the first time that well-crystallized ZSM-5 can be directly prepared from leached metakaolin or leached diatomaceous earth using sodium hydroxide and n-butylamine as mineralizing agents and template under appropriate synthesis conditions. A longer induction time prior to crystallization was observed for reaction mixtures prepared from leached diatomaceous earth, probably due to slower digestion of the fossilized diatom skeletons as compared with that for microporous leached metakaolin. The use of leached diatomaceous earth allowed higher yield of ZSM-5 crystals within comparable synthesis times. However, low amounts of Mordenite formed, which was related to the high calcium content of diatomaceous earth. Another considerable advantage of diatomaceous earth over kaolin is that diatomaceous earth does not require heat treatment at high temperature for metakaolinization

Fluorometric Analysis of Carbaryl Insecticide in Mixed Formulations

Abstract The carbaryl present in formulations that contain other pesticides can be readily determined quantitatively by measuring the fluorescence emitted in dilute methanol solution or in an aqueous solution of sodium hydroxide during ultraviolet light excitation. The procedure includes a test that quickly detects and measures the amount of 1-naphthol present.</jats:p

Degradation of oxytetracycline in honey as measured by fluorescence and liquid chromatographic assays

International audienc