3,683 research outputs found
MODELLING COMPETITIVE SWIMMING IN DIFFERENT STROKES AND DISTANCES UPON REGRESSION ANALYSIS: A STUDY OF THE FEMALE PARTICIPANTS OF SYDNEY 2000 OLYMPIC GAMES
The purpose of the study was to obtain the slope and y-intercept of the regression between race component times and race time for a group of top level female swimmers (the best 16 times) in the 2000 Sydney Olympic Games. All the 50, 100 and 200 rn events were analyzed in this study. A multi-camera video recording system (7 cameras) was located on the catwalk 18m above the center lanes of the pool. The regression and correlation coefficients were significant in 78% of the races analyzed, excluded stroke frequency, stroke length and stroke index. The quality of the swimmers analyzed enabled the calculation of the recommended times in each phase in relation to race time. This information may allow top level swimmers to train specifically in their weakest race component
RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN STROKE EFFICIENCY MEASURES AND FREESTYLE SWIMMING PERFORMANCE: AN ANALYSIS OF FREESTYLE SWIMMING EVENTS AT THE SYDNEY 2000 OLYMPICS
The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationships between measures of stroke efficiency and performance in the freestyle swimming events of the Sydney 2000 Olympics. Measures of variables describing swimming performance were determined from overhead video of the races according to the Australian Institute of Sport protocol. All performances by swimmers in the finals and semifinals were included in the analysis for the 50, 100 and 200 m events and performances for finalists only were analyzed for longer events. A within subjects, repeated measures linear-regression analysis was used to determine relationships. The lack of relationships determined for SI with either swim velocity or performance time in the longer events indicated that the SI was not a good indicator of swimming efficiency for women's freestyle events. In contrast, a predominance of these relationships in the longer events indicated that the SI was possibly an indicator of swimming efficiency for men's freestyle events. SL was not found to be a good predictor of swimming speed or an indicator of swimming efficiency for the freestyle events
The donor side of Photosystem II as the copper-inhibitory binding site
We have measured, under Cu (II) toxicity conditions, the oxygen-evolving capacity of spinach PS II particles in the Hill reactions H2O -> SiMo (in the presence and absence of DCMU) and H2O -> PPBQ, as well as the fluorescence induction curve of Tris-washed spinach PS II particles. Cu (II) inhibits both Hill reactions and, in the first case, the DCMU-insensitive H2O -> SiMo activity. In addition, the variable fluorescence is lowered by Cu (II). We have interpreted our results in terms of a donor side inhibition close to the reaction center. The same polarographic and fluorescence measurements carried out at different pHs indicate that Cu (II) could bind to amino acid residues that can be protonated and deprotonated. In order to reverse the Cu (II) inhibition by a posterior EDTA treatment, in experiments of preincubation of PS II particles with Cu (II) in light we have demonstrated that light is essential for the damage due to Cu (II) and that this furthermore is irreversible.This work was supported by a grant from the Spanish DGICYT (PB94-0116). J.B. Arellano was the recipient of a fellowship from the Spanish Science and Education Ministry.Peer reviewe
Fixed Effect Estimation of Large T Panel Data Models
This article reviews recent advances in fixed effect estimation of panel data
models for long panels, where the number of time periods is relatively large.
We focus on semiparametric models with unobserved individual and time effects,
where the distribution of the outcome variable conditional on covariates and
unobserved effects is specified parametrically, while the distribution of the
unobserved effects is left unrestricted. Compared to existing reviews on long
panels (Arellano and Hahn 2007; a section in Arellano and Bonhomme 2011) we
discuss models with both individual and time effects, split-panel Jackknife
bias corrections, unbalanced panels, distribution and quantile effects, and
other extensions. Understanding and correcting the incidental parameter bias
caused by the estimation of many fixed effects is our main focus, and the
unifying theme is that the order of this bias is given by the simple formula
p/n for all models discussed, with p the number of estimated parameters and n
the total sample size.Comment: 40 pages, 1 tabl
Understanding the Effects of Training on Underwater Undulatory Swimming Performance and Kinematics
In swimming, the underwater phase after the start and turn comprises gliding and dolphin kicking, with the latter also known as underwater undulatory swimming (UUS). Swimming performance is highly dependent on the underwater phase; therefore, understanding the training effects in UUS and underwater gliding can be critical for swimmers and coaches. Further, the development of technique in young swimmers can lead to exponential benefits in an athlete’s career. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of a training protocol on UUS and underwater gliding performance and kinematics in young swimmers. Seventeen age group swimmers (boys = 10, girls = 7) performed maximal UUS and underwater gliding efforts before and after a seven-week training protocol. Time to reach 10 m; intra-cyclic mean, peak, and minimum velocities; and gliding performance improved significantly after the training protocol. The UUS performance improvement was mostly produced by an improvement of the upbeat execution, together with a likely reduction of swimmers’ hydrodynamic drag. Despite the changes in UUS and gliding, performance was also likely influenced by growth. The findings from this study highlight kinematic variables that can be used to understand and quantify changes in UUS and gliding performance
Discovery of > 200 RR Lyrae Variables in M62: An Oosterhoff I Globular Cluster with a Predominantly Blue HB
We report on the discovery of a large number of RR Lyrae variable stars in
the moderately metal-rich Galactic globular cluster M62 (NGC 6266), which
places it among the top three most RR Lyrae-rich globular clusters known.
Likely members of the cluster in our studied field, from our preliminary number
counts, include about 130 fundamental-mode (RRab) pulsators, with =
0.548 d, and about 75 first-overtone (RRc) pulsators, with = 0.300 d.
The average periods and the position of the RRab variables with well-defined
light curves in the Bailey diagram both suggest that the cluster is of
Oosterhoff type I. However, the morphology of the cluster's horizontal branch
(HB) is strikingly similar to that of the Oosterhoff type II globular cluster
M15 (NGC 7078), with a dominant blue HB component and a very extended blue
tail. Since M15 and M62 differ in metallicity by about one dex, we conclude
that metallicity, at a fixed HB type, is a key parameter determining the
Oosterhoff status of a globular cluster and the position of its variables in
the Bailey diagram.Comment: 5 pages, 4 figures. ApJ Letters, in pres
Multivariate Unified Skew-t Distributions And Their Properties
The unified skew-t (SUT) is a flexible parametric multivariate distribution
that accounts for skewness and heavy tails in the data. A few of its properties
can be found scattered in the literature or in a parameterization that does not
follow the original one for unified skew-normal (SUN) distributions, yet a
systematic study is lacking. In this work, explicit properties of the
multivariate SUT distribution are presented, such as its stochastic
representations, moments, SUN-scale mixture representation, linear
transformation, additivity, marginal distribution, canonical form, quadratic
form, conditional distribution, change of latent dimensions, Mardia measures of
multivariate skewness and kurtosis, and non-identifiability issue. These
results are given in a parametrization that reduces to the original SUN
distribution as a sub-model, hence facilitating the use of the SUT for
applications. Several models based on the SUT distribution are provided for
illustration
Evolving wormhole geometries within nonlinear electrodynamics
In this work, we explore the possibility of evolving (2+1) and
(3+1)-dimensional wormhole spacetimes, conformally related to the respective
static geometries, within the context of nonlinear electrodynamics. For the
(3+1)-dimensional spacetime, it is found that the Einstein field equation
imposes a contracting wormhole solution and the obedience of the weak energy
condition. Nevertheless, in the presence of an electric field, the latter
presents a singularity at the throat, however, for a pure magnetic field the
solution is regular. For the (2+1)-dimensional case, it is also found that the
physical fields are singular at the throat. Thus, taking into account the
principle of finiteness, which states that a satisfactory theory should avoid
physical quantities becoming infinite, one may rule out evolving
(3+1)-dimensional wormhole solutions, in the presence of an electric field, and
the (2+1)-dimensional case coupled to nonlinear electrodynamics.Comment: 17 pages, 1 figure; to appear in Classical and Quantum Gravity. V2:
minor corrections, including a referenc
Upper Thermal Tolerances of Early Life Stages of Freshwater Mussels
Freshwater mussels (order Unioniformes) fulfill an essential role in benthic aquatic communities, but also are among the most sensitive and rapidly declining faunal groups in North America. Rising water temperatures, caused by global climate change, industrial discharges, drought, or land development, could further challenge imperiled unionid communities. The aim of our study was to determine the upper thermal tolerances of the larval (glochidia) and juvenile life stages of freshwater mussels. Glochidia of 8 species of mussels were tested: Lampsilis siliquoidea, Potamilus alatus, Ligumia recta, Ellipsaria lineolata, Lasmigona complanata, Megalonaias nervosa, Alasmidonta varicosa, and Villosa delumbis. Seven of these species also were tested as juveniles. Survival trends were monitored while mussels held at 3 acclimation temperatures (17, 22, and 27°C) were exposed to a range of common and extreme water temperatures (20–42°C) in standard acute laboratory tests. The average median lethal temperature (LT50) among species in 24-h tests with glochidia was 31.6°C and ranged from 21.4 to 42.7°C. The mean LT50 in 96-h juvenile tests was 34.7°C and ranged from 32.5 to 38.8°C. Based on comparisons of LT50s, thermal tolerances differed among species for glochidia, but not for juveniles. Acclimation temperature did not affect thermal tolerance for either life stage. Our results indicate that freshwater mussels already might be living close to their upper thermal tolerances in some systems and, thus, might be at risk from rising environmental temperatures
- …