Industry 4.0 Disruption and Its Neologisms in Major Industrial Sectors: A State of the Art

Very well into the dawn of the fourth industrial revolution (industry 4.0), humankind can hardly distinguish between what is artificial and what is natural (e.g., man-made virus and natural virus). Thus, the level of discombobulation among people, companies, or countries is indeed unprecedented. The fact that industry 4.0 is explosively disrupting or retrofitting each and every industrial sector makes industry 4.0 the famous buzzword amongst researchers today. However, the insight of industry 4.0 disruption into the industrial sectors remains ill-defined in both academic and nonacademic literature. The present study aimed at identifying industry 4.0 neologisms, understanding the industry 4.0 disruption and illustrating the disruptive technology convergence in the major industrial sectors. A total of 99 neologisms of industry 4.0 were identified. Industry 4.0 disruption in the education industry (education 4.0), energy industry (energy 4.0), agriculture industry (agriculture 4.0), healthcare industry (healthcare 4.0), and logistics industry (logistics 4.0) was described. The convergence of 12 disruptive technologies including 3D printing, artificial intelligence, augmented reality, big data, blockchain, cloud computing, drones, Internet of Things, nanotechnology, robotics, simulation, and synthetic biology in agriculture, healthcare, and logistics industries was illustrated. The study divulged the need for extensive research to expand the application areas of the disruptive technologies in the industrial sectors

War-related sexual and gender-based violence in Tigray, Northern Ethiopia: a community-based study

Introduction Sexual and gender-based violence (SGBV) during armed conflicts has serious ramifications with women and girls disproportionally affected. The impact of the conflict that erupted in November 2020 in Tigray on SGBV is not well documented. This study is aimed at assessing war-related SGBV in war-affected Tigray, Ethiopia.Methods A community-based survey was conducted in 52 (out of 84) districts of Tigray, excluding its western zone and some districts bordering Eritrea due to security reasons. Using a two-stage multistage cluster sampling technique, a total of 5171 women of reproductive age (15–49 years) were randomly selected and included in the study. Analysis used weighted descriptive statistics, regression modelling and tests of associations.Results Overall, 43.3% (2241/5171) of women experienced at least one type of gender-based violence. The incidents of sexual, physical and psychological violence, and rape among women of reproductive age were found to be 9.7% (500/5171), 28.6% (1480/5171), 40.4% (2090/5171) and 7.9% (411/5171), respectively. Of the sexual violence survivors, rape accounted for 82.2% (411/500) cases, of which 68.4% (247) reported being gang raped. Young women (aged 15–24 years) were the most affected by sexual violence, 29.2% (146/500). Commonly reported SGBV-related issues were physical trauma, 23.8% (533/2241), sexually transmitted infections, 16.5% (68/411), HIV infection, 2.7% (11/411), unwanted pregnancy, 9.5% (39/411) and depression 19.2% (431/2241). Most survivors (89.7%) did not receive any postviolence medical or psychological support.Conclusions Systemic war-related SGBV was prevalent in Tigray, with gang-rape as the most common form of sexual violence. Immediate medical and psychological care, and long-term rehabilitation and community support for survivors are urgently needed and recommended

Management and treatment outcome of IE (Definite or possible) patients in Ayder Comprehensive Specialized Hospital, Tigray region, Northern Ethiopia, 2020–2022 (n = 54).

Management and treatment outcome of IE (Definite or possible) patients in Ayder Comprehensive Specialized Hospital, Tigray region, Northern Ethiopia, 2020–2022 (n = 54).</p

Socio-demographic characteristics of IE (Definite or possible) patients in Ayder Comprehensive Specialized Hospital, Tigray region, Northern Ethiopia, 2020–2022 (n = 54).

Socio-demographic characteristics of IE (Definite or possible) patients in Ayder Comprehensive Specialized Hospital, Tigray region, Northern Ethiopia, 2020–2022 (n = 54).</p

Predictors of in-hospital mortality among patients with IE in Ayder Comprehensive Specialized Hospital (n = 54).

Predictors of in-hospital mortality among patients with IE in Ayder Comprehensive Specialized Hospital (n = 54).</p

Complications of IE (Definite or possible) patients in Ayder Comprehensive Specialized Hospital, Tigray region, Northern Ethiopia, 2020–2022 (n = 54).

Complications of IE (Definite or possible) patients in Ayder Comprehensive Specialized Hospital, Tigray region, Northern Ethiopia, 2020–2022 (n = 54).</p

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BackgroundInfective endocarditis (IE) is a continuously evolving disease with a high mortality rate despite different advances in treatment. In Ethiopia, there is a paucity of data regarding IE. Therefore, this study is aimed at assessing IE-related in-hospital mortality and characterization of IE patients based on their microbiological, clinical features, and management profiles in the Ayder Comprehensive Specified Hospital (ACSH).MethodsWe conducted a hospital-based prospective follow-up study with all consecutive sampling techniques for suspected infective endocarditis patients admitted to ACSH from January 2020 to February 2022. Echocardiography was performed, and three sets of blood samples for blood culture were taken as per the standard protocol. We also performed isolation of microbial etiologies and antimicrobial susceptibility tests. The data was analyzed using STATA version 16. Stepwise logistic regression was run to identify predictors of in-hospital mortality. Effects were measured through the odds ratio at the 5% level of significance.ResultsSeventy-four cases of suspected infective endocarditis were investigated; of these, 54 episodes fulfilled modified Duke’s criteria. Rheumatic heart disease (RHD) (85.2%) was the most common underlying heart disease. Murmur (94.4%), fever (68.5%), and pallor (57.4%) were the most common clinical findings. Vegetation was present in 96.3% of episodes. Blood culture was positive only in 7 (13%) episodes. Complications occurred in 41 (75.9%) cases, with congestive heart failure being the most common. All patients were managed medically, with no surgical intervention. The in-hospital mortality was 14 (25.9%). IE-related in-hospital mortality was significantly associated with surgery recommendation and myalgia clinical symptoms.ConclusionIE occurred relatively in a younger population, with RHD as the most common underlying heart disease. There was a high rate of culture-negative endocarditis, and the majority of patients were treated empirically. Mortality was high. The establishment of cardiac surgery and strengthening microbiology services should be given top priority.</div

Echocardiographic profile of IE (Definite or possible) patients in Ayder Comprehensive Specialized Hospital, Tigray region, Northern Ethiopia, 2020–2022 (n = 54).

Echocardiographic profile of IE (Definite or possible) patients in Ayder Comprehensive Specialized Hospital, Tigray region, Northern Ethiopia, 2020–2022 (n = 54).</p

Laboratory and microbiology profiles of IE (Definite or possible) patients in Ayder Comprehensive Specialized Hospital, Tigray region, Northern Ethiopia, 2020–2022 (n = 54).

Laboratory and microbiology profiles of IE (Definite or possible) patients in Ayder Comprehensive Specialized Hospital, Tigray region, Northern Ethiopia, 2020–2022 (n = 54).</p

Clinical features of infective endocarditis (Definite or possible) patients in Ayder Comprehensive Specialized Hospital, Tigray region, Northern Ethiopia, 2020–2022 (n = 54).

Clinical features of infective endocarditis (Definite or possible) patients in Ayder Comprehensive Specialized Hospital, Tigray region, Northern Ethiopia, 2020–2022 (n = 54).</p