State of malnutrition and its fast growing wing in developing countries

Nutrition is one of the most important issues for the well - being of human life. It concerns rich and poor, rural and urban, developed and developing countries. Since, it is not a specific problem for some part of the world only, like most other problems, it should get serious attention as it deserves.. Accordingly, differ ent literatures show that, f or millions of people worldwide, hunger and malnutrition are common everyday challenges; for some, even famine is a threat. But in many developed countries, food abundance brings other serious nutritional and health problems. Th ough these are being addressed, western habits are starting to spread. However, most of literatures focus more on the undernutrition aspect of malnutrition, rather than overnutrition. Malnutrition is a broad term which refers to both undernutrition (sub nutrition) and overnutrition. Individuals are malnourished, or suffer from undernutrition if their diet does not provide them with adequate calories and protein for maintenance and growth, or they cannot fully utilize the food they eat due to illness. Peop le are also malnourished, or suffer from overnutrition if they consume too many calories. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), malnutrition is the gravest single threat to global public health . And according to the Food and Agriculture Organiz ation (FAO), the number of people globally who were malnourished stood at 923 million in 2007, an increase of over 80 million since the 1990 - 92 base - period. In more wealthy industrialized nations malnutrition is usually caused by: Poor diet, mental health problems, Mobility problems, digestive disorders and stomach conditions, alcoholism. In poor, developing nations malnutrition is commonly caused by: Food shortages, Food prices, food distribution and Lack of breastfeeding. In this research nine countries from different continent are included. And the result of this assessment shows that there is high - rate of growth as far as overnutrition is concerned, in both high income and low income countries for both sexes. And the percentage growth of overweight and obesity for some low - income countries is very significant. Cameron is the one that shows high obesity rate from the low - income countries. And, France is the country that shows a low growth rate for overweight from high - income countries. The study also fig ure out that, there is a high positive relationship between the energy consumption and overweight

Towards Mainstreaming Environmental Impact Assessment into Housing Development Projects in Ethiopia: The Case of Koye-Feche Condominium Housing Development Project, Addis Ababa

Linking environmental impact assessment (EIA) and infrastructure development projects as a result of rapid urbanization reveals serious environmental problems in cities and towns of developing countries like Ethiopia. Ecological infrastructure is as vital as physical infrastructure for the functioning of the economy – a path that can meet both long-term economic and environmental imperatives. The city government of Addis Ababa has planned to address urban housing challenges strategically with the help of National Integrated Urban Housing Development Plan along with other plans. Koye-Feche Local Development and Neighborhood project is believed to have significant contribution for the realization of the vision of Addis Ababa Housing Agency. This study employed secondary and primary methods of data collection like focus group discussion, key informant interview, and field observations. The collected data were analyzed both qualitatively (narration and descriptions) and quantitatively (application of SPSS, ArcGIS, and ERDAS IMAGINE). The possible negative environmental impacts of the project identified were: land use change, evection of indigenous farmers, soil erosion, cutting of trees, degradation of soil resources,  health risk  to humans and animals, landslide, spread of malaria, fuel gas emission, air pollution, noise pollution, dust pollution, soil and water pollution, risk/injury to workers, soil compaction, disruption of natural water ways, ground and surface water pollution, spilling of grease, residual materials,  soil disturbance, and disturbance of the landscape, water harvesting infrastructure resulting in mosquito breeding and hazardous environment for children, traffic congestion in pick time, Solid waste, liquid waste, Increased urban heat island, and increased number of population. Appropriate mitigation measures are required to reduce the aforementioned possible negative impacts of condominium housing projects in Ethiopia. Keywords: Development; hazard; Housing; Impact; mitigation; planning; urba

Impacts of Adopting Sustainable Land Management Practices on the Livelihoods of Smallholder Farmers The Case of Benishangul Gumuz Region, Ethiopia

Land degradation has been identified as one of the most serious problems that threaten the sustainability of agriculture. In an effort to address these problems, the basic paradigm and approach to soil and water conservation has itself evolved over time. In recent years more holistic and land-scape wide approaches that go beyond resource conservation towards improved land husbandry and water management for beneficial conservation have been promoted using a national guideline. Hence, the major concern of this study was impact of adoption of SLMP. To meet this objective a total of 156 sample households, consisting 78 Sustainable land management adopter and 78 non adopter/ non- participants, were randomly selected from three kebeles in sample district. Descriptive statistics with appropriate statistical tests, and propensity score matching (PSM) were used to meet the stated objective. Descriptive statistical analyses such as mean, standard deviation and percentage were used to analyses basic household characteristics and the. Estimates of propensity score matching (PSM) indicate the existence of significant crop production increment on average 2.5 quintal production increment per hectare in each household head that were participated in adoption of sustainable land management practice value premium compared to non-adopter. The result indicated that Sustainable land management is crucial in improving the livelihoods of the farm households. However, to realize the intended outcomes, solving the fragmented nature of land holding, motivating development agent, rewarding model farmers require immediate attention. Keywords:  Sustainable land management, Propensity Score Matching, livelihood

Long Run Effects of Export Instability on Economic Growth of Ethiopia: Cointegration Analysis

This study investigated the hypotheses that whether export instability adversely affects the economic growth of Ethiopia in the long run using the data over the period of 1981-2017. For this purpose the paper employed econometric and different statistical techniques to determine export instability index and the long run relationships of cointegrating variables. The Augmented Dickey Fuller (ADF) and Johansen Cointegration tests are also used to test stationarity for all variables and cointegration respectively. The ADF test result revealed  that all variables are non-stationary  at  levels  but  stationary  at  their  first difference  and  integrated  of  order  I(1). The Johansen Cointegration test result also suggested that there exists a unique long-run relationship among the variables entered in to the model. The investigation demonstrated that export instability has deleterious effect on economic growth. The study also found that export, human capital and consumption have significantly positive effects on economic growth.  However, Gross capital formation has reflected puzzling effect on economic growth. This result may be due to the fact that export instability is causing the whole macroeconomic instability. The policy implication is that the government has to follow an export oriented measures whereby such fluctuations can be smoothed out, like diversification of export portfolio, if the country is to secure rapid and sustained economic growth in the long run. Keywords: Export instability, Economic Growth, Cointegration, Investment DOI: 10.7176/JESD/10-9-06 Publication date:May 31st 201

The Social Implications of Some Wolaita Proverbs on Children

This article is intended to depict the social implications of some of Wolaita proverbs on children. To conduct this study, the researcher used qualitative research design. Using two tools of data collection: interview and direct observation 33 theme related proverbs and sayings were collected. For the interview, 10 elders from various social groups in Wolaita were systematically selected. The result showed that, Wolaita’s oral tradition includes proverbs and saying that threaten small children. These proverbs and sayings represent children as source of problems, unsuccessful, incapable, thoughtless, unimportant, and uneducable and so on. This affects the children’s development in various ways. There are also proverbs and sayings that encourage the children’s holistic development. The study recommends that Wolaita Proverbs and sayings that encourage or praise children’s physical, moral and cognitive development should be promoted. On the contrary, others that do have negative implications against children should be demoted. Wolaitas should understand that the outdated abuses and biases held by Wolaita elders or forefathers towards small children since early times should be changed. Wolaitas should know that carelessly using sayings that threaten small children is a breach of children’s right. Keywords: children, Wolaita, proverbs and sayings, threaten small children, oral tradition, encourag