Therapeutic Features of Mesenchymal Stem Cells and Human Amniotic Epithelial Cells in Multiple Sclerosis

Imbalance in immune responses plays an indispensable role in pathogenesis and development of multiple sclerosis (MS), as a neurodegenerative disorder. Current treatments are not always successful in preventing MS development and treating the disease. Stem cell-based cell therapy has provided a new window for treating neurodegenerative disorders. Stem cells can regulate the immune system and improve axonal remyelination. They can be isolated from different origins such as bone marrow, embryonic, neural, and adipose tissues. However, there is a challenge in choosing the best cell source for stem cell therapy. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) derived from different origins have significant immunoregulatory impacts on different cells from the immune system. A growing body of evidence indicates that adipose tissue and umbilical cord can be a suitable source for obtaining MSCs. Moreover, human amniotic epithelial cell (hAEC), as a novel stem cell with immunoregulatory effects, regenerative effects, and low antigenicity, can be a candidate for MS treatment. This chapter discusses therapeutic impacts of MSCs and hAECs in MS disease

Function of MicroRNAs in Normal and Abnormal Ovarian Activities: A Review Focus on MicroRNA-21

Abstract:Some failures in ovary function, like folliculogenesis and oogenesis, can give rise to various infertility-associated problems, including polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) and premature ovarian insufficiency (POI). PCOS influences 8 to 20% of women; while POI occurs in at least 1% of all women. Regrettably, the current therapies for these diseaseshave not sufficiently been effective, and finding a suitable strategy is still a puzzle. One of the helpful strategies for managing and treating these disorders is understanding the contributing pathogenesis and mechanisms. Recently, it has been declared that abnormal expression of microRNAs (miRNAs), as a subset of non-coding RNAs, is involved in thepathogenesis of reproductive diseases. Among the miRNAs, the roles of miRNA-21 in the pathogenesis of PCOS and POI have been highlighted in some documents; hence, the purpose of this mini-review was to summarize the evidence in conjunction with the functions of this miRNA and other effective microRNAs in the normal or abnormal functions of the ovary (i.e., PCOS and POI) with a mechanistic insight

An overview of the innate and adaptive immune system in atherosclerosis

Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of death globally. Coronary artery disease (CAD) is a chronic inflammatory disease usually caused by atherosclerosis, in which the coronary arteries become narrowed by atheromatous plaque. Plaques in atherosclerosis are formed through the accumulation of lipids and various immune cells. Both adaptive and innate immune systems are involved in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis and facilitate plaque formation and disease progression. Almost all immune system cells, including neutrophils, B cells, T cells monocytes, macrophages, foam cells, and dendritic cells (DCs), play a vital role in atherosclerotic plaque. Atherogenesis, the normal function of the endothelium, is initially disrupted and, then, cells of the immune system are recruited to the endothelium following increased expression of cell adhesion molecules. Accumulation of immune cells and lipids leads to the formation of a necrotic nucleus. As the disease progresses, smooth muscle cells form fibrous layers, whose rupture results in exposing the necrotic nucleus and thrombosis. Accordingly, the present review was conducted to determine the role of different cells in innate and adaptive immune systems in inhibition and progression of atherosclerosis

The observation of an axillary arch during dissection: A case report

Background: The axillary arch is a rare axillary abnormality described as a slim muscular slip extending from the latissimus dorsi to the pectoralis major muscles. This arch has been indicated as the main reason for hyper-abduction syndrome and neurovascular compression in the axillary region. Case presentation: During the dissection of the right axillary cavity of a 74-year-old man for medical students, a case of the axillary arch was found, arising from the lateral border of the latissimus dorsi muscle and terminating in the pectoralis major tendon and the fascia covering the coracobrachialis muscle. Conclusion: Since this variation has not been reported in our country so far, this study can help surgeons to have a better understanding of anatomy and the prevalence of this structure. This muscle can be clinically important in axillary surgeries; due to its influences on the brachial plexus and axillary vessels, covering lymph nodes and altering local anatomy

In silico prediction of long intergenic non-coding RNAs in sheep

Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are transcribed RNA molecules >200 nucleotides in length that do not encode proteins and serve as key regulators of diverse biological processes. Recently, thousands of long intergenic non-coding RNAs (lincRNAs), a type of lncRNAs, have been identified in mammalians using massive parallel large sequencing technologies. The availability of the genome sequence of sheep (Ovis aries) has allowed us genomic prediction of non-coding RNAs. This is the first study to identify lincRNAs using RNA-seq data of eight different tissues of sheep including brain, heart, kidney, liver, lung, ovary, skin and white adipose. A computational pipeline was employed to characterize 325 putative lincRNAs with high confidence from eight important tissues of sheep using different criteria such as GC content, exon number, gene length, co-expression analysis, stability and tissue-specific scores. 64 putative lincRNAs displayed tissues-specific expression. The highest number of tissues-specific lincRNAs was found in skin and brain. All novel lincRNAs that aligned to the human and mouse lincRNAs had conserved synteny. These closest protein-coding genes were enriched in 11 significant GO terms such as limb development, appendage development, striated muscle tissue development and multicellular organismal development. The findings reported here have important implications for the study of sheep genome.The accepted manuscript in pdf format is listed with the files at the bottom of this page. The presentation of the authors' names and (or) special characters in the title of the manuscript may differ slightly between what is listed on this page and what is listed in the pdf file of the accepted manuscript; that in the pdf file of the accepted manuscript is what was submitted by the author

Mesenchymal stem cells and ovarian cancer: Is there promising news?

Ovarian cancer (OC) is described as a heterogeneous complex condition with high mortality, weak prognosis, and late-stage presentation. OC has several subgroups based on different indices, like the origin and histopathology. The current treatments against OC include surgery followed by chemotherapy and radiotherapy; however, these methods have represented diverse side effects without enough effectiveness on OC. Recently, mesenchymal stem cell (MSC)-based therapy has acquired particular attention for treating diverse problems, such as cancer. These multipotent stem cells can be obtained from different sources, such as the umbilical cord, adipose tissues, bone marrow, and placenta, and their efficacy has been investigated against OC. Hence, in this narrative review, we aimed to review and discuss the present studies about the effects of various sources of MSCs on OC with a special focus on involved mechanisms

The Therapeutic Potential of Common Herbal and Nano-Based Herbal Formulations against Ovarian Cancer: New Insight into the Current Evidence

Ovarian cancer (OCa) is characterized as one of the common reasons for cancer-associated death in women globally. This gynecological disorder is chiefly named the “silent killer” due to lacking an association between disease manifestations in the early stages and OCa. Because of the disease recurrence and resistance to common therapies, discovering an effective therapeutic way against the disease is a challenge. According to documents, some popular herbal formulations, such as curcumin, quercetin, and resveratrol, can serve as an anti-cancer agent through different mechanisms. However, these herbal products may be accompanied by some pharmacological limitations, such as poor bioavailability, instability, and weak water solubility. On the contrary, using nano-based material, e.g., nanoparticles (NPs), micelles, liposomes, can significantly solve these limitations. Therefore, in the present study, we will summarize the anti-cancer aspects of these herbal and-nano-based herbal formulations with a focus on their mechanisms against OCa

Curcumin and its novel formulations for the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma: New trends and future perspectives in cancer therapy

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), as a common malignancy of the liver, is the second leading cause of cancer-related death in the world and mostly occurs in patients with a background of chronic liver disease. Patents with this carcinoma represent various signs and symptoms, such as splenomegaly, peripheral edema, and jaundice. More than 70 % of HCC cases are in the advanced stage because of lacking the diagnostic systems and indications in the early stages, therefore giving rise to a high lethality rate in involved patients. Against this malignancy, several therapeutic methods have been recommended, like surgical resection, immunotherapy, liver transplantation, and chemotherapeutic drugs (e.g., doxorubicin, mitomycin C, and cisplatin); however, these curative modalities have not created a serious hope for HCC patents. Nowadays, herbal medicine with natural compounds has been offered for different illnesses, such as cancer. Among these, some herbal components and their nano-based formulations, especially curcumin (a polyphenol extract of Curcuma longa), have become a point of interest in treating HCC. Hence, this review aimed to evaluate the anticancer effects of curcumin and its biological potential for treating HCC based on the current documents

Breast cancer prediction using different machine learning methods applying multi factors

Objective: Breast cancer (BC) is a multifactorial disease and is one of the most common cancers globally. This study aimed to compare different machine learning (ML) techniques to develop a comprehensive breast cancer risk prediction model based on features of various factors. Methods: The population sample contained 810 records (115 cancer patients and 695 healthy individuals). 45 attributes out of 85 were selected based on the opinion of experts. These selected attributes are in genetic, biochemical, biomarker, gender, demographic and pathological factors. 13 Machine learning models were trained with proposed attributes and coefficient of attributes and internal relationships were calculated. Result: Compared to other methods random forest (RF) has higher performance (accuracy 99.26%, precision 99%, and area under the curve (AUC) 99%). The results of assessing the impact and correlation of variables using the RF method based on PCA indicated that pathology, biomarker, biochemistry, gene, and demographic factors with a coefficient of 0.35, 0.23, 0.15, 0.14, and 0.13 respectively, affected the risk of BC (r 2 = 0.54). Conclusion: Breast cancer has several risk factors. Medical experts use these risk factors for early diagnosis. Therefore, identifying related risk factors and their effect can increase the accuracy of diagnosis. Considering the broad features for predicting breast cancer leads to the development of a comprehensive prediction model. In this study, using RF technique a breast cancer prediction model with 99.3% accuracy was developed based on multifactorial features.</p