Scatterplots of the relationship between sustained attention and the tau of naming latencies.

<p>Tau of naming latencies presented separately for monosyllabic and disyllabic words separately in the single object task (monosyllabic panel A, disyllabic panel B) and the double object task (monosyllabic panel C, disyllabic panel D). Sustained attention is indexed by the mean RT on the digit discrimination task (DDT).</p

Scatterplots of the relationship between sustained attention and the tau of gaze durations.

<p>Tau of gaze durations presented separately for monosyllabic and disyllabic words separately in the single object task (monosyllabic panel A, disyllabic panel B) and the double object task (monosyllabic panel C, disyllabic panel D). Sustained attention is indexed by the mean RT on the digit discrimination task (DDT).</p

Performance per condition for Stroop, Stroop-like PWI and Standard PWI.

<p>Performance per condition for Stroop, Stroop-like PWI and Standard PWI.</p

Induced brain responses.

<p><b>A</b>. The panels in the right column show the stimulus-locked time-frequency representations of relative power change for Stroop-like (related vs. identity, upper right) and semantic (related vs. unrelated, lower right) effects, averaged over the sensors highlighted in white in the corresponding topographic maps to the left. Dashed lines indicate the clusters. <b>B</b>. The middle panel shows the estimated sources in the whole-brain analysis for the Stroop-like (upper) and semantic (lower) effects. The left and right panels show the time-frequency representation of the activity in the estimated sources. Dashed rectangles enclose the spectrotemporal cluster of interest (4–8 Hz, 350–650 ms). In this cluster, relative power increase was observed for the Stroop-like effect in the left superior frontal gyrus (upper right panel) and in the left postcentral gyrus (upper left panel). Relative power increase was observed for the semantic effect in the left superior frontal gyrus (lower right panel), but not in the left postcentral gyrus (lower left panel).</p

The N400 effects.

<p>(A) Group-average sensor-level ERPs recorded from one site (Cz) in the Stroop task (top row), the Stroop-like PWI task (middle row) and the Standard PWI task (bottom row). The shaded area marks the time window in which the difference between conditions was significant. (B) Topographies of the N400 effect (incongruent vs. congruent condition) in the Stroop, Stroop-like PWI, and Standard PWI tasks, respectively. The topographical distributions were calculated through averaging amplitudes of the difference group ERPs within the time-windows in which the difference between conditions was significant. The electrode sites that entered the spatio-temporal cluster based on which we rejected our null hypothesis are highlighted.</p

Observed results and WEAVER++ simulations.

<p><b>A</b>. Differences in picture-naming times as empirically observed and from the simulations for the related condition (black bar) and identity condition (white bar) relative to the unrelated condition. <b>B</b>. Differences in signal amplitude of left temporal cortex activity for the related condition (black bar) and identity condition (white bar) relative to the unrelated condition and corresponding priming effects in the simulations. RT =  response time; unr =  unrelated; rel =  related; iden =  identity.</p

Induced brain responses time-locked to the onset of the naming responses.

<p>The right-hand panels show the response-locked time-frequency representations of relative power change for Stroop-like (related vs. identical, upper right) and semantic (related vs. unrelated, lower right) effects, averaged over the sensors highlighted in white in the corresponding topographic maps. Dashed lines indicate the clusters.</p