Lung Cancer and Mesothelioma

This chapter in Cancer Concepts: A Guidebook for the Non-Oncologist presents an overview of lung cancer and mesothelioma, including epidemiology, etiology, screening, pathology, staging, and treatment.https://escholarship.umassmed.edu/cancer_concepts/1009/thumbnail.jp

Breast: Sezary Syndrome: A Unique Presentation

Sezary syndrome is a subtype of cutaneous T cell lymphoma which usually presents as generalized skin disease with erytheroderma. Distal organ involvement is rare and is usually a late finding in the course of the disease. Breast involvement is extremely rare. Herein, we present a case report of a patient whose initial presentation involved an intramammary lymph node prior to the onset of more characteristic skin disease. Sezary syndrome was confirmed by cythopathologic findings

Contrast-enhanced MR Angiography without Gadolinium-based Contrast Material: Clinical Applications Using Ferumoxytol

Vascular imaging can be challenging because of the wide variability of contrast dynamics in different vascular territories and potential safety concerns in patients with renal insufficiency or allergies. Off-label diagnostic use of ferumoxytol, a superparamagnetic iron nanoparticle approved for therapy, is a promising alternative to gadolinium-based contrast agents for MR angiography (MRA). Ferumoxytol has exhibited a reassuring safety profile when used within the dose range recommended for diagnostic imaging. Because of its prolonged and stable intravascular residence, ferumoxytol can be used in its steady-state distribution for a wide variety of imaging indications, including some where conventional MRA is unreliable. In this article, authors discuss some of the major vascular applications of ferumoxytol and highlight how it may be used to provide highly diagnostic images and improve the quality, workflow, and reliability of vascular imaging. Keywords: MR Angiography, MRI Contrast Agent, Cardiac, Vascular © RSNA, 2022

Temporally aware volumetric generative adversarial network‐based MR image reconstruction with simultaneous respiratory motion compensation: Initial feasibility in 3D dynamic cine cardiac MRI

PurposeDevelop a novel three-dimensional (3D) generative adversarial network (GAN)-based technique for simultaneous image reconstruction and respiratory motion compensation of 4D MRI. Our goal was to enable high-acceleration factors 10.7X-15.8X, while maintaining robust and diagnostic image quality superior to state-of-the-art self-gating (SG) compressed sensing wavelet (CS-WV) reconstruction at lower acceleration factors 3.5X-7.9X.MethodsOur GAN was trained based on pixel-wise content loss functions, adversarial loss function, and a novel data-driven temporal aware loss function to maintain anatomical accuracy and temporal coherence. Besides image reconstruction, our network also performs respiratory motion compensation for free-breathing scans. A novel progressive growing-based strategy was adapted to make the training process possible for the proposed GAN-based structure. The proposed method was developed and thoroughly evaluated qualitatively and quantitatively based on 3D cardiac cine data from 42 patients.ResultsOur proposed method achieved significantly better scores in general image quality and image artifacts at 10.7X-15.8X acceleration than the SG CS-WV approach at 3.5X-7.9X acceleration (4.53 ± 0.540 vs. 3.13 ± 0.681 for general image quality, 4.12 ± 0.429 vs. 2.97 ± 0.434 for image artifacts, P < .05 for both). No spurious anatomical structures were observed in our images. The proposed method enabled similar cardiac-function quantification as conventional SG CS-WV. The proposed method achieved faster central processing unit-based image reconstruction (6 s/cardiac phase) than the SG CS-WV (312 s/cardiac phase).ConclusionThe proposed method showed promising potential for high-resolution (1 mm3 ) free-breathing 4D MR data acquisition with simultaneous respiratory motion compensation and fast reconstruction time

Tracheobronchial Tumors: Radiologic-Pathologic Correlation of Tumors and Mimics.

Tracheobronchial masses encompass a broad spectrum of entities, ranging from benign and malignant neoplasms to infectious and inflammatory processes. This article reviews the cross-sectional findings of tracheal tumors and tumor-like entities, correlates imaging findings with histologic pathology, and discusses pearls and pitfalls in accurately diagnosing and classifying tracheal tumors and mimics

Malignancy and acute pulmonary embolism: risk stratification including the right to left ventricle diameter ratio in 1596 subjects

PURPOSE: To test the hypothesis that subjects with a known malignancy at the time of acute pulmonary embolism (PE) have different clinical characteristics and predictors of 30-day all-cause mortality when compared with subjects with no known malignancy. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A retrospective (August 2003 to March 2010) cohort of 1596 consecutive positive (for acute PE) computed tomography pulmonary angiograms (CTPAs) performed at a single, large, urban teaching hospital was separated into those from subjects with (n=835) and those from subjects without (n=761) a known malignancy. Clinical characteristics were compared between groups, and a logistic regression model determined predictors of 30-day all-cause mortality for each group. RESULTS: Subjects with malignancy were older (60.8+/-13.9 vs. 54.5+/-18.8 y, P1.0) had a higher risk of 30-day death only among subjects with no known malignancy at the time of the CTPA (odds ratio=4.08, 95% confidence interval: 1.67-9.96). CONCLUSIONS: Among subjects who present with acute PE, those with a malignancy had different clinical characteristics and predictors of mortality when compared with the cohort of subjects with no known malignancy. A computed tomography-derived right to left ventricular diameter ratio predicts 30-day all-cause mortality only for those subjects who do not have a malignancy

Abdominal wall and pelvic hernias: classic and unusual hernias and their mimics

Abdominal and pelvic wall hernias are classically defined as a weakness or opening of the muscular wall through which abdominal or pelvic tissues protrude. The aim of this manuscript is to review the imaging findings of abdominal and pelvic wall hernias and their mimics and to discuss pearls and pitfalls for accurately diagnosing and classifying these entities

A Private Investigation: Radiologic-Pathologic Correlation of Testicular Tumors

To review the classification of testicular tumors, describe the sonographic and pathologic features of each tumor type, and discuss the mimics, diagnostic pitfalls, and management of testicular tumors. Method consists of pictorial review. We review sonographic and pathologic findings of several testicular tumors and tumorlike entities. Although ultrasound is the first-line imaging modality to differentiate between intratesticular and extratesticular location of an intrascrotal mass, it is not specific for intratesticular lesion characterization. Therefore, correlation with histology sampling is often necessary

Correlation Between Urine Macrophage Migration Inhibitory Factor (MIF)/Creatinine Ratio and Time After Kidney Transplantation

Background:Despite the long-standing association of macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) with delayed-type hypersensitivity response,the potential role Of MIF in chronic allograft nephropathy is unknown.The association between upregulation of MIF expression, macrophage and T cell infiltration and the severity of chronic allograft nephropathy suggests that MIF may be an important mediator in the process of chronic allograft nephropathy.Therefore,the aims of this study were to measure urine concentration of MIF after renal transplantation,and to determine if it increases with time.  Methods: In this prospective cross-sectional study twenty-two pediatric patients   (case, group A) who received kidney transplants between 1999 and 2006, and forty  healthy children (control, group B) were recruited. Urine MIF and creatinine were  assessed in all patients.Urine MIF concentrations were quantitated by ELISA.Results: The mean ratios of urine MIF/Creatinine (Cr) were calculated as 5.046(SEM=2.04) pg/μmol creatinine in transplanted-kidney patients (group A) and 1.85(SEM=0.35) pg/μmol creatinine in healthy individuals(group B).Agood significant  correlation was seen between urine MIF/Cr ratio and time after kidney transplantation  in recipients (P=0.002, rSpearman = +0.633).  Conclusion: This study shows significant correlation between urine MIF/Cr ratio and time passed after transplantation. Increasing MIF/Cr ratios were seen in patients with a longer post transplantation period. Therefore, it is necessary to determine the  role of macrophages in chronic renal nephropathy especially chronic rejection with additive studies and then study the effect of anti-MIF antibodies in the treatment of this condition