Tools and resources for neuroanatomy education: a systematic review

The aim of this review was to identify studies exploring neuroanatomy teaching tools and their impact in learning, as a basis towards the implementation of a neuroanatomy program in the context of a curricular reform in medical education

La brecha descripción-experiencia y su relación con el control instruccional: ¿Las personas confían más en su experiencia que en descripciones objetivas?

The present work aims to reveal contradictory results obtained on two different fields; particularly from two studies conducted on the description-experience gap field showing that descriptions are neglected when personal experience is available (1,2), and several others conducted on the instructional control field getting to the opposite conclusion (3–8). To account for this contradiction, we hypothesized that participants from the studies of Jessup, Bishara and Busemeyer (1) and Lejarraga and Gonzalez (2) relied on their experience rather than on the descriptions because of the difficult, demanding nature of the probabilistic descriptions they faced. Enriched descriptions were created in our experiment to assess the contribution of this factor to the differential influence of the descriptions in choice behavior. Nonetheless, our hypothesis did not find support in the results and further research is needed to account for the aforementioned contradiction.El presente trabajo pretende revelar resultados contradictorios obtenidos en dos áreas diferentes; concretamente de dos estudios realizados en el área de la brecha descripción-experiencia mostrando que las descripciones son ignoradas cuando hay disponible experiencia personal (1,2), y bastantes estudios realizados en el área del control instruccional llegando a la conclusión opuesta (3–8) . Para dar cuenta de esta contradicción, hipotetizamos que los participantes de los estudios de Jessup, Bishara y Busemeyer (1) y Lejarraga y Gonzalez (2) confiaban más en su experiencia que en las descripciones por la naturaleza difícil y demandante de las descripciones probabilísticas que veían. En nuestro experimento fueron creadas descripciones enriquecidas para evaluar la contribución de este factor a la influencia diferencial de las descripciones en la conducta de elección. Sin embargo, nuestra hipótesis no encontró respaldo en los resultados y será necesaria investigación adicional para resolver la contradicción mencionada.Programas de doutoramento FCTPrograma Operacional Potencial Humano do QREN Portugal 2007-2013info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

A dual-process approach to cooperative decision-making under uncertainty

Cooperative behaviors are typically investigated using social dilemmas inserted into scenarios with well-known characteristics. Nonetheless, in real life, group members may be uncertain about what others will decide (social uncertainty) and the characteristics of the dilemma itself (environmental uncertainty). Previous studies have shown that uncertainty reduces the willingness to cooperate. Dual-process approaches to cooperation have given rise to two different views. Some authors argue that deliberation is needed to overrule selfish motives, whereas others argue that intuition favors cooperation. In this work, our goal was to investigate the role of intuitive mental processing on cooperation in a prisoner's dilemma game involving uncertainty. Our results showed that participants cooperated less with their counterparts as the number of rounds progressed, suggesting a learning process and that intuitive mental processing in the first 50 rounds appears to favor cooperation under both deterministic and stochastic conditions. These results may help clarify the literature's mixed effects regarding cognitive processing manipulation on cooperation. Developing a better understanding of these effects may improve strategies in social problems involving cooperation under uncertainty and cognitive constraints.- This study was conducted at the Psychology Research Centre (CIPsi/UM), School of Psychology, University of Minho, supported by the Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT) through the State Budget (UIDB/01662/2020). The FCT also supported Daniela Costa through a PhD fellowship (PD/BD/143025/2018)

Brain metastases from breast cancer

Background: Breast cancer (BC) is one of the commonest causes of brain metastases (BM): approximately 10-16 % of patients diagnosed with metastatic breast cancer will eventually develop BM during the course of their disease, however, certain subtypes have a higher risk of this event. The aim of this analysis was therefore to evaluate the prognosis and the pattern and imaging features of BM according to different BC subtypes.Patients and methods: We retrospectively reviewed the case records of patients with breast cancer and evidence of brain metastases from the database of IPO Porto between 2014-2018. The data obtained were statistically analysed.Results: We analysed 147 patients with BM from BC. The triple-negative subtype had the shortest overall survival (OS) after BM, besides a short period of time between BC and BM. HER2 overexpressing tumors had the longest OS. The estrogen-receptor positive group had the greatest interval between initial BC diagnosis and diagnosis of BM. Larger lesions showed a heterogeneous contrast enhancement and were heterogeneous pn T2WI sequences; a hyposignal on T2*WI was also associated with larger lesions. Triple-negative BC tended to have more heterogeneous lesions on T1WI. We noticed that the hippocampus is rarely affected by metastatic lesions.Conclusions: Based on the BC subtype it is possible to make a prediction about the prognosis of the disease and some imaging features of the BM, but not about their pattern of distribution. These data support further research concerning prevention, early detection, and treatment of BM from BC.- (undefined

Extradyadic behaviors and gender: How do they relate with sexual desire, relationship quality, and attractiveness

Recent years have seen an increasing number of studies on relationship extradyadic behaviors (Pinto and Arantes, 2016; Pazhoohi et al., 2017; Silva et al., 2017; Fisher, 2018). However, much is still to learn about the impact of these extradyadic behaviors on subsequent relationships that an individual may have. Our main goal was to study the association between past extradyadic behaviors - inflicted and suffered - and current relationship quality, sexual desire and attractiveness. Specifically, we aimed to: (i) Understand if past extradyadic behaviors are related to current relationship quality, sexual desire, and self-perceived and partner's attractiveness; (ii) Identify possible gender differences in these variables. For that, 364 participants (251 females and 113 males) were recruited through personal and institutional e-mails, online social networks (e.g., Facebook), and the website of the Evolutionary Psychology Group from the University of Minho. All participants completed a demographic and relationship questionnaire, followed by questions related to extradyadic behaviors and self-perceived attractiveness, the Perceived Relationship Quality Components (PRQC) Inventory, the Sex Drive Scale (SDQ), and the Importance of Partner's Physical Attractiveness Scale (IPPAS). For those currently involved in a relationship, results suggested that extradyadic behaviors (both suffered or inflicted) are linked with current low relationship quality and high sexual desire in the present. In addition, individuals who perceived themselves as being more attractive tended to have a higher sexual desire and higher relationship quality. Overall, men reported higher levels of extradyadic behaviors and sexual desire, gave more importance to physical attractiveness, and perceived their current relationship as having less quality than women. These results add to the literature by focusing on different variables that play an important role in romantic relationships, and have important implications.This study was conducted at the Psychology Research Center (UID/PSI/01662/2013), University of Minho, and supported by the Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT) and the Portuguese Ministry of Science, Technology and Higher Education through national funds and co-financed by FEDER through COMPETE2020 under the PT2020 Partnership Agreement (POCI-01-0145-FEDER-007653). JA was further supported by FCT - Scientific Employment Stimulus (CEECIND/03897/2018)

Neural correlates and perceived attractiveness of male and female shoulder-to-hip ratio in men and women: an EEG study

While there are studies regarding the neural correlates of human facial attractiveness, there are few investigations considering neural responses for body form attractiveness. The most prominent physical feature defining men's attractiveness is their physical fitness and upper body strength. Shoulder-to-hip ratio (SHR), a sexually dimorphic trait in humans, is an indicator of men's attractiveness for both men and women. The current study is the first to report on the neurophysiological responses to male and female body forms varying in SHR in healthy heterosexual men and women observers. Electroencephalographic (EEG) signals were acquired while participants completed an oddball task as well as a subsequent attractiveness judgement task. Behavioral results showed larger SHRs were considered more attractive than smaller SHRs, regardless of stimuli and participants' sex. The electrophysiological results for both the oddball task and the explicit judgement of attractiveness showed that brain activity related to male SHR body stimuli differed depending on the specific ratios, both at early and late processing stages. For female avatars, SHR did not modulate neural activity. Collectively the data implicate posterior brain regions in the perception of body forms that differ in attractiveness vis-a-vis variation of SHR, and frontal brain regions when such perceptions are rated explicitly.- This study was conducted at Psychology Research Centre (UID/PSI/01662/2013), University of Minho, and supported by the Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology and the Portuguese Ministry of Science, Technology and Higher Education through national funds and co-financed by FEDER through COMPETE2020 under the PT2020 Partnership Agreement (POCI-01-0145-FEDER-007653). JA receives funding from FCT Portugal through grants PTDC/MHC-PCN/4589/2012 and IF/01298/2014 and DP is supported by grant SFRH/BPD/120111/2016

Instructional control in choice tasks: the relation between type of schedule and relative expected values

The present work aims improve our understanding of the boundaries of instructional control. It does so by solving contradictory results obtained on two different fields: Three studies conducted on the description-experience gap field, showing that instructions are neglected when personal experience is available, and several others conducted on the experimental analysis of behavior paradigm getting to the opposite conclusion. Two factors were studied: the type of schedule, and the relative expected values between options. The present work showed that (1) positive evidence of instructional control was found in a choice task with probability schedules and different expected values between options; (2) negative evidence of instructional control was found in a choice task with VI schedules and similar expected values between options; and (3) these results, together with previous research, suggest that relative expected values are a fundamental factor on understanding the presence of instructional control in choice tasks. We conclude that the relevance of this factor relies on its capacity to make participants' decisions easier: all else being equal, adding descriptions enables participants to better discriminate optimal behavior in choice tasks.- This study was conducted at Psychology University Center for Bio- logical and Agricultural Sciences, University of Guadalajara, and sup- ported by the Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology and the Portuguese Ministery of Education and Science through national funds and when applicable co -financed by FEDER under the PT2020 Partnership Agreement (UID/PSI/01662/2013)

A dual-process approach to prosocial behavior under COVID-19 uncertainty

Uncertainty has been shown to reduce the willingness to cooperate in various social dilemmas and negatively affect prosocial behavior. However, some studies showed that uncertainty does not always decrease prosocial behavior, depending on the type of uncertainty. More specifically, recent research has shown that prosocial behavior tends to increase under impact uncertainty-uncertainty about the consequences for others if they become infected. In addition, researchers have argued that intuition favors prosocial behavior while deliberation leads to selfish behavior. Our study explored how intuitive (time pressure) or deliberate mental processing, under outcome, or impact uncertainty affect prosocial behavior in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic. Our sample consists of 496 participants, and we used a 4 (COVID-19 scenario: Control vs. Impact Uncertainty vs. Worst-Case vs. Indirect Transmission) by 2 (decision time: time delay vs. time pressure) between-subjects design. Results suggest that participants are more inclined to stay at home (prosocial intention) when forced to make their decisions intuitively rather than deliberately. Additionally, we found that uncertainty does not always decrease prosocial behavior. It seems that uncertainty does not affect the prosocial intention in a scenario with a real infectious disease. These findings suggest that the distinction between outcome and impact uncertainty may be due to the realism of experimental stimuli interventions.- This study was conducted at the Psychology Research Centre (CIPsi/UM), School of Psychology, University of Minho, supported by the Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT) through the State Budget (UIDB/01662/2020). The FCT also supported Daniela Costa through a PhD fellowship (PD/BD/143025/2018)

Contar uma história com o contrabaixo: composição e representação de um conto musicado

O presente relatório pretende ser o resultado de uma caminhada percorrida na busca de instrumentos pedagógicos que contribuíssem para o crescimento dos meus conhecimentos pedagógicos. O trabalho está dividido em três capítulos: I. Guião de Observação da Prática Musical; II. Prática Educativa Supervisionada e III. Projeto de Intervenção ‘O Contrabaixo conta um conto’. O terceiro capítulo aborda os conceitos motivação e criatividade e tem como resultado final uma história musicada por composições da autoria dos alunos de contrabaixo, que foi editada em livro e partituras – material pedagógico que poderá contribuir para a partilha de conhecimentos entre docentes de contrabaixo.This report aims to be the result of a covered walk in search of educational tools that contribute to the growth of my pedagogical knowledge. This paper is divided in three chapters: I. Script of Observation Musical Practice; II. Supervised Educational Practices; III. Intervention Project ‘The double bass tells a tale’. The third chapter discusses the concepts of motivation and criativity, and the final product resulted in a musical tale. The compositions were written by double bass students, which was published in book and sheet music - teaching materials that could contribute to knowledge sharing between bass teachers