The play of codes and systems in pygmalion: Bernard Shaw and Roland Barthes

In Pygmalion, George Bernard Shaw deals with the social function of language (linguistic competence) as one of the markers of social status and as a source of social power. Pygmalion’s plot revolves around the linguistic idea of the critical period hypothesis. The linguist in the play bets that the phonetician cannot change the flower girl into a lady by teaching her a genteel language. The phonetician intends to flaunt his power and skill in fashioning a new ‘self’ for the florist girl through linguistic retraining, even though her ’critical period’ is over. Though this acculturation leads to a crisis of personality for the girl, Shaw’s play goes against the hypothesis of ‘critical period’ by showing the possibility of the language retraining of a grown-up girl. Drawing on the theories of Roland Barthes, this article examines the relation between education and the issues of social mobility and cultural codes in the class-conscious society of Pygmalion. Pygmalion could be read as indicating that culture does not come by nature and it is made of codes, which can be taught and learned. Shaw suggests that it is possible to educate lower class people in upper class cultural codes. Moreover, he demonstrates that culture is time-bound and the boundaries between lower and upper class cultural codes were fading at the time so that it was difficult to distinguish a real upper class agent from a fake one

Thermal stability of a special class of black hole solutions in F(R) gravity

In this paper, we work on the topological Lifshitz-like black hole solutions of a special class of vacuum $F(R)-$gravity that are static and spherically symmetric. We investigate geometric and thermodynamic properties of the solutions with due respect to the validity of the first law of thermodynamics. We examine the van der Waals like behavior for asymptotically AdS solutions with spherical horizon by studying the $P-v$, $G-T$ and $C_{Q,P}-r_{+}$ diagrams and find a consistent result. We also investigate the same behavior for hyperbolic horizon and interestingly find that the system under study can experience a phase transition with negative temperature.Comment: 14 pages with 7 captioned figures. Some additional notes are added. Accepted in EPJ

Adaptation in Mothers of Educable Mentally Retarded Children

Background: Adaptation is an important process for humans. Children, who are physically or mentally disabled, impose special stresses on their families, parents and in particular on their mothers. Objectives: This study examines the relationship between the characteristics of mothers who have educable mentally retarded children, and their adaptation based on Roy’s adaptation model. Patients and Methods: This descriptive study was performed on 40 mothers of educable mentally retarded children referred to the single exceptional school in Aran va Bidgol City, Iran, during 2010 - 11. An adaptation questionnaire based on Roy’s adaptation model and demographic questionnaire were completed by the subjects. The results were analyzed using SPSS software version 16. Descriptive statistics and a Fisher’s exact test were used. Results: The overall adaptation of mothers was satisfactory. There was a significant relationship between the child’s birth order (P = 0.04) and the time of awareness of the child’s problem (P = 0.02), with adaptation levels in mothers who had a mentally retarded child. Conclusions: The child’s birth order and the time of awareness of the child’s problem were related to the mother’s adaptation level

PENERAPAN MODEL PEMBELAJARAN INKUIRI UNTUK MENINGKATKAN HASIL BELAJAR SISWA PADA MATA PELAJARAN IPA MATERI ENERGI PANAS DAN ENERGI BUNYI

Penerapan Model Pembelajaran Inkuiri Untuk Meningkatkan Hasil Belajar Siswa Pada Mata Pelajaran IPA Materi Energi Panas Dan Energi Bunyi. Secara umum penelitian ini bertujuan untuk meningkatkan hasil belajar siswa dengan menerapkan model pembelajaran inkuiri. Adapun tujuan penelitian ini secara khusus yaitu untuk mengetahui bagaimana perencanaan, pelaksanaan, dan peningkatan hasil belajar siswa dengan menerapkan model pembelajaran inkuiri. Subjek pada penelitian ini yaitu siswa kelas IV dengan jumlah 33 orang yang terdiri dari 17 laki-laki dan 16 perempuan tahun ajaran 2013/2014 di SDN 2 Cibodas Kecamatan Lembang Kabupaten Bandung Barat. Metode yang digunakan pada penelitian ini adalah Penelitian Tindakan Kelas (PTK) dengan langkah sebagai berikut: perencanaan, pelaksanaan, observasi, refleksi. Penelitian ini dilakukan dengan 3 siklus. Penelitian ini menggunakan teknik pengumpulan data seperti lembar tes, lembar kerja siswa (LKS), lembar observasi dan lembar catatan lapangan. Materi energi panas dan energi bunyi dibelajarkan dengan langkah-langkah sebagai berikut: 1) merumuskan masalah dengan menerapkan metode tanya jawab; 2) merumuskan hipotesis dengan menerapkan metode diskusi; 3) mengumpulkan data dengan menerapkan metode eksperimen; 4) menguji hipotesis dengan menerapkan metode eksperimen; 5) merumuskan kesimpulan dengan menerapkan metode diskusi. Hasil belajar selama tindakan mengalami peningkatan. Pada siklus I hasil belajar siswa diperoleh nilai rata-rata 66, siklus II hasil belajar siswa diperoleh nilai rata-rata 72 dan pada siklus III hasil belajar siswa diperoleh nilai rata-rata 83,8. Untuk nilai KKM pada siklus I diperoleh 51,7 %, pada siklus II diperoleh 60% dan pada siklus 3 mengalami peningkatan yang cukup tinggi yaitu 93%. Maka dapat disimpulkan bahwa penerapan model pembelajaran inkuiri pada mata pelajaran IPA materi energi panas dan energi bunyi dapat meningkatkan hasil belajar siswa. Adapun saran bagi guru hendaknya lebih kreatif dalam merancang kegiatan pembelajaran agar pembelajaran lebih bermakna dan menyenangkan serta siswa menjadi aktif dan kreatif. The Aplication of Inquary Learning Model to Improve Students Science Learning Outcome in Elementary School. Generally, the aim in this research is to improve student’s outcome by applying inquiry learning model. Specifically, the aim in this research is to know how to plan, implement, and evaluate student's achievement by applying inquiry learning model. The participant in this research is 33 students of the fifth grade which consists of 17 male students and 16 female students 2013/2014 school year at SDN 2 Cibodas Lembang District West Bandung Regency. This study applied action research by the following steps: planning, acting, observing, reflecting. This research is done by using 3 cycles. In collecting the data, this research used paper test, students' worksheet, observation sheet and fieldnote. The Material of thermal energy and sound energy is taught by the following steps: 1) formulating problem; 2) formulating hypothesis; 3) Collecting the data 4) testing hypotesis; 5) formulating conclusion. in the first cycle students' means was 66, in the second cycle students' cycle was 72. in the third cycle students' mean was 83,8. for the score of minimum completeness criteria in the first cycle was 51.7%. in the second cycle was 60%. in the third cycle has a high increasing was 93%. the writer can conclude that by applying inquiry learning model in science lesson, the material of thermal energy and sound energy can increase students' achievement. then the writer suggest for the teacher that teacher should be more creative in planning learning activity. so, the learning can be more meaningful and playful and student become active and creative

Cancer Epidemiology in American Romanies

Romanies are one of history’s most misunderstood ethnic populations. Since medieval times, they have faced slavery, forced assimilation, sterilization, genocide, and other forms of ethnic cleansing. Their cultural and historical persecution has led to adverse health outcomes. Studies on health inequality among Romanies have been conducted in the past, as well as fragmented research on their genetic predisposition to disease; however, there is a gap in available information regarding precancerous health risks, especially at the upstream, social end of the spectrum. Thus, their oppression is largely unacknowledged. This holds true in the United States where their numbers are far smaller than the majority who live in Eastern Europe. Ignorance of their history and culture breeds stigma, erecting a barrier to positive health outcomes for Romani-Americans. The primary objective of this study is to analyze the biological, cultural, and socioeconomic factors leading to cancer and other chronic disease in Romani-Americans through a review of the existing literature. I point out the most prominent causes of chronic disease as a proxy to cancer in Romani-Americans; I also hope to draw attention to the lack of research in the field and inspire others to pursue such research.Polymathic Scholar

Improving confidence in the management of the blue swimmer crab (Portunus armatus) in Shark Bay PART III: Proceedings of the Third National Workshop on Blue Swimmer Crab Portunus armatus Western Australian Fisheries and Marine Research Laboratories, Hillarys, Perth, 3 – 4 June 2015. FRDC Project No. 2012/15

The ‘Third National Workshop on Blue Swimmer Crab’ was organised and held at Department of Fisheries (Western Australia) in Hillarys (3-4 June, 2015), almost 15 years after the second workshop in 1997. The workshop brought together fisheries scientists, managers, university researchers, consultants, industry stakeholders and fishers from across Queensland, New South Wales, South Australia, Tasmania and Western Australia and addressed six broad themed sessions; • State overview of blue swimmer crab commercial fisheries • Monitoring, stock assessment and harvest strategy • Environmental drivers and climate change • Blue swimmer crabs….from the sea to the plate • Recreational fishing and surveys • Management, policy and industry perspective