THE DATING METHOD OF NAPOLEON BONAPARTE ON A GOLD COIN OF SELIM III AND WHAT IT REFLECTS

طريقة التأريخ الخاصة بنابليون بونابرت على نقد ذهب لسليم الثالث [Ar] يعتبر نابليون بونابرت أحد أشهر الشخصيات التاريخية العالمية، والذي غزا مصر بحملتة الفرنسية في فترة حكم السلطان العثماني الثامن والعشرين السلطان سليم بن مصطفى. وعلى الرغم من قصر مدة الحملة الفرنسية التي كانت قرابة ثلاث سنوات فقط، إلا أنها شكّلت نقطة تحول في تاريخ مصر حتى بعد انسحابها ، خاصة وأنها كانت تمثل أول غزو أوروبي على مجتمع اسلامي متمسك بقيمه وعاداته. أما فيما يخص السياسة النقدية التي كانت متبعه في مصر وقت مجيء الحملة الفرنسية، فهي نفسها التي عرفت في مقر السلطنة العثمانية باعتبار مصر ولاية تابعة لها، وبالتالي كان الزر محبوب النقد الذهبي الرئيسي للدولة. وتأتي أهمية النقد الذهبي قيد الدراسة من كونه مصنف على أنه عملة نادرة ضربت في فترة وجود بونابرت في مصر، خاصة وانه قد تم ضربها في العام الأخير من الحملة الفرنسية. ومن خلال دراسة طريقة التأريخ التي سجلت على هذه القطعة من منظور جديد ، فقد عكست ما كان يعرف عن نابليون بونابرت لموهبته في الدهاء السياسي ، وشخصيته الجاذبة ، وعقليته الحكيمة. فقد تبنى نابليون بونابرت سياسة الاقتراب من الشعب لتلبية أغراضة الخاصة، خاصة وانه كان يدرك مدى أهمية الرأي العام. هذه الأغراض في مصر كانت اقتصادية في المقام الأول، وليست السيطرة السياسية. كان هذا واضحًا من خلال الاتجاه الذي اتبعه في سك العملات المعدنية، بينما كانت مصر تحت سلطته. لذلك ساعدت الدراسة التحليلية للعملة في تأكيد نواياه الحقيقية ، وعكس وتأكيد سمات شخصيته الرئيسية. [En] One of the world\u27s most famous historical figures was Napoleon Bonaparte, who conquered Egypt with his French expedition in the reign of the twenty-eighth Ottoman Sultan Selim B. Mustafa, known as Selim Ш. Despite the short presence of the French expedition, approximately three years only, it marked a turning point in Egypt’s history even after its withdrawal. It was considered the first modern European conquest into the heartlands of the Islamic World, on an Islamic community that adhered to Islamic customs and values. Regarding the monetary system of Egypt at the time, Egypt abided by the trend of the Ottoman Empire in minting gold coins, as it was notable that there was a unified prototype for all Ottoman coins minted in the different Ottoman countries. Therefore, the main gold coin by this time was the Zeri Mahbub. The specimen investigated in this study is classified as a rare coin minted by Bonaparte, as it was minted in the last year of the French expedition. Studying its dating method from a new perspective reflected what was known about Napoleon Bonaparte regarding his political savvy, charisma, and smart thinking. Napoleon adopted a policy of getting closer to the people to achieve his main goals, which were primarily economic rather than aiming at political control. His manner was evident in the trend he followed in minting coins while ruling Egypt. Therefore, the analytical study of the coin helped demonstrate his real ideological intentions and reflect his primary personality traits

Mortality from gastrointestinal congenital anomalies at 264 hospitals in 74 low-income, middle-income, and high-income countries: a multicentre, international, prospective cohort study

Summary Background Congenital anomalies are the fifth leading cause of mortality in children younger than 5 years globally. Many gastrointestinal congenital anomalies are fatal without timely access to neonatal surgical care, but few studies have been done on these conditions in low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs). We compared outcomes of the seven most common gastrointestinal congenital anomalies in low-income, middle-income, and high-income countries globally, and identified factors associated with mortality. Methods We did a multicentre, international prospective cohort study of patients younger than 16 years, presenting to hospital for the first time with oesophageal atresia, congenital diaphragmatic hernia, intestinal atresia, gastroschisis, exomphalos, anorectal malformation, and Hirschsprung’s disease. Recruitment was of consecutive patients for a minimum of 1 month between October, 2018, and April, 2019. We collected data on patient demographics, clinical status, interventions, and outcomes using the REDCap platform. Patients were followed up for 30 days after primary intervention, or 30 days after admission if they did not receive an intervention. The primary outcome was all-cause, in-hospital mortality for all conditions combined and each condition individually, stratified by country income status. We did a complete case analysis. Findings We included 3849 patients with 3975 study conditions (560 with oesophageal atresia, 448 with congenital diaphragmatic hernia, 681 with intestinal atresia, 453 with gastroschisis, 325 with exomphalos, 991 with anorectal malformation, and 517 with Hirschsprung’s disease) from 264 hospitals (89 in high-income countries, 166 in middleincome countries, and nine in low-income countries) in 74 countries. Of the 3849 patients, 2231 (58·0%) were male. Median gestational age at birth was 38 weeks (IQR 36–39) and median bodyweight at presentation was 2·8 kg (2·3–3·3). Mortality among all patients was 37 (39·8%) of 93 in low-income countries, 583 (20·4%) of 2860 in middle-income countries, and 50 (5·6%) of 896 in high-income countries (p<0·0001 between all country income groups). Gastroschisis had the greatest difference in mortality between country income strata (nine [90·0%] of ten in lowincome countries, 97 [31·9%] of 304 in middle-income countries, and two [1·4%] of 139 in high-income countries; p≤0·0001 between all country income groups). Factors significantly associated with higher mortality for all patients combined included country income status (low-income vs high-income countries, risk ratio 2·78 [95% CI 1·88–4·11], p<0·0001; middle-income vs high-income countries, 2·11 [1·59–2·79], p<0·0001), sepsis at presentation (1·20 [1·04–1·40], p=0·016), higher American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) score at primary intervention (ASA 4–5 vs ASA 1–2, 1·82 [1·40–2·35], p<0·0001; ASA 3 vs ASA 1–2, 1·58, [1·30–1·92], p<0·0001]), surgical safety checklist not used (1·39 [1·02–1·90], p=0·035), and ventilation or parenteral nutrition unavailable when needed (ventilation 1·96, [1·41–2·71], p=0·0001; parenteral nutrition 1·35, [1·05–1·74], p=0·018). Administration of parenteral nutrition (0·61, [0·47–0·79], p=0·0002) and use of a peripherally inserted central catheter (0·65 [0·50–0·86], p=0·0024) or percutaneous central line (0·69 [0·48–1·00], p=0·049) were associated with lower mortality. Interpretation Unacceptable differences in mortality exist for gastrointestinal congenital anomalies between lowincome, middle-income, and high-income countries. Improving access to quality neonatal surgical care in LMICs will be vital to achieve Sustainable Development Goal 3.2 of ending preventable deaths in neonates and children younger than 5 years by 2030