Validación de material educativo: estrategia sobre alimentación y actividad física en escuelas mexicanas = Validation of educational material: strategy on food and physical activity in elementary schools in Mexico

Resumen: Introducción. Ante la necesidad de desarrollar materiales educativos que trasmitan mensajes claros y adecuados en salud, se realizó la validación de diversos materiales que apoyan la campaña “Recreo Saludable” que promueve estilos de vida saludable. Objetivo. Validar seis materiales impresos y cinco audiovisuales diseñados para promover una alimentación saludable, el incremento de actividad física y el consumo de agua pura. Material y método. Se seleccionaron por muestreo ocho escuelas primarias. Se realizó un estudio mixto de enfoque cuantitativo centrado en encuestas, y cualitativo fundamentado en entrevistas estructuradas. El análisis cualitativo se hizo con base en el contenido del discurso de los criterios explorados. Para el análisis cuantitativo se estimaron frecuencias con intervalos de confianza de 95%. Resultados. Para los criterios explorados se obtuvieron los siguientes resultados, entendimiento 87%, aceptación 78%, atracción 74%, inducción a la acción 93%, identificación 35%, lo que indica una validación positiva en la mayoría de las categorías. Los datos cualitativos aportaron aproximaciones necesarias para mejorar el contenido y el diseño de los materiales. Conclusión. Los resultados muestran que el material validado fue aceptado por la población e hicieron aportaciones para mejorarlo y con esto poder garantizar, la efectividad y aplicabilidad de estos como recurso pedagógico en estrategias educativas. Palabras clave: estudios de validación, materiales educativos y de divulgación, educación alimentaria y nutricional, actividad motora, educación en salud Abstract: Introduction. Given the need to develop educational materials that convey clear and appropriate messages on health, we performed the validation of various resources promoting healthy lifestyles that support the campaign "Healthy Recess". Objective. To validate six printed materials and five audiovisual ones, designed to promote healthy eating, increased physical activity and consumption of pure water. Material and methods. Eight elementary schools were selected for sampling. A joint study was conducted focused on surveys with a quantitative approach, based on structured qualitative interviews. Qualitative analysis was based on the content of the discourse of the criteria explored. Frequencies with confidence the explored criteria: understanding 87%; accepting 78%; appeal 74%; induction to action 93%; affinity 35%; which indicates a positive validation in most categories. Qualitative data provided necessary approximations to improve the content and layout of the materials. Conclusion. The results show that the validated material was accepted by the population and they contributed to its improvement, thereby ensuring the effectiveness and applicability of these as a pedagogical resource in educational strategies.Keywords: validation studies, educational and outreach materials, food and nutrition education, motor activity, health educatio

Knowledge and level of understanding of the Chécate, Mídete, Muévete campaign in Mexican adults

Objective. To evaluate the knowledge and comprehension level of the Chécate, Mídete, Muévete campaign and its associ­ated characteristics in Mexican adult population. Materials and methods. Based on the Mexican Halfway National Health and Nutrition Survey 2016, we obtained information about the knowledge and comprehension of the logo and messages that support the Chécate, Mídete, Muévete campaign. To identify the associated characteristics, we proved logistic and linear regression models and the variable contrast ef­fects are shown. Results. 11% of the interviewed adults knew the Chécate, Mídete, Muévete campaign, 31% had a high comprehension of it and 1% did not comprehend it at all. The associated characteristics with knowledge were gender, scholarship, health service and overweight or obesity. Age, scholarship and socioeconomic status were associated to comprehension. Conclusion. These results provide new information about one of the Mexican efforts to control the overweight, obesity and diabetes epidemic

Perception of body weight and of the probability of developing obesity in Mexican adults

Objective. To document the perception of body weight, the variables that are associated with a correct perception of it and with the perception about the probability of developing obesity at short-term in Mexican adult population. Materials and methods. We used data from the Perception of obsesity, eating behavior and physical activity questionnaire (POCAA, by its Spanish acronym), as well as household and anthropometric measurements obtained at Ensanut MC during May and October of 2016. Results. More than 90% of the population tend to underestimate their weight; 32% of the population said that they would be very likely to develop obesity at short-term; more than 90% considered that suffering from obesity is very serious. Having a correct perception of body weight and being overweight or obese by BMI, were positively related to the perception of developing obesity at short-term. Conclusion. It is very relevant that individuals, regardless of the state of their weight, have an accurate per- ception of their body and the consequences to their health

Effects of once-weekly exenatide on cardiovascular outcomes in type 2 diabetes

BACKGROUND: The cardiovascular effects of adding once-weekly treatment with exenatide to usual care in patients with type 2 diabetes are unknown. METHODS: We randomly assigned patients with type 2 diabetes, with or without previous cardiovascular disease, to receive subcutaneous injections of extended-release exenatide at a dose of 2 mg or matching placebo once weekly. The primary composite outcome was the first occurrence of death from cardiovascular causes, nonfatal myocardial infarction, or nonfatal stroke. The coprimary hypotheses were that exenatide, administered once weekly, would be noninferior to placebo with respect to safety and superior to placebo with respect to efficacy. RESULTS: In all, 14,752 patients (of whom 10,782 [73.1%] had previous cardiovascular disease) were followed for a median of 3.2 years (interquartile range, 2.2 to 4.4). A primary composite outcome event occurred in 839 of 7356 patients (11.4%; 3.7 events per 100 person-years) in the exenatide group and in 905 of 7396 patients (12.2%; 4.0 events per 100 person-years) in the placebo group (hazard ratio, 0.91; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.83 to 1.00), with the intention-to-treat analysis indicating that exenatide, administered once weekly, was noninferior to placebo with respect to safety (P<0.001 for noninferiority) but was not superior to placebo with respect to efficacy (P=0.06 for superiority). The rates of death from cardiovascular causes, fatal or nonfatal myocardial infarction, fatal or nonfatal stroke, hospitalization for heart failure, and hospitalization for acute coronary syndrome, and the incidence of acute pancreatitis, pancreatic cancer, medullary thyroid carcinoma, and serious adverse events did not differ significantly between the two groups. CONCLUSIONS: Among patients with type 2 diabetes with or without previous cardiovascular disease, the incidence of major adverse cardiovascular events did not differ significantly between patients who received exenatide and those who received placebo