Excess deaths from all causes and by COVID-19 in Brazil in 2020

OBJECTIVE To estimate the 2020 all-cause and COVID-19 excess mortality according to sex, age, race/color, and state, and to compare mortality rates by selected causes with that of the five previous years in Brazil. METHODS Data from the Mortality Information System were used. Expected deaths for 2020 were estimated from 2015 to 2019 data using a negative binomial log-linear model. RESULTS Excess deaths in Brazil in 2020 amounted to 13.7%, and the ratio of excess deaths to COVID-19 deaths was 0.90. Reductions in deaths from cardiovascular diseases (CVD), respiratory diseases, and external causes, and an increase in ill-defined causes were all noted. Excess deaths were also found to be heterogeneous, being higher in the Northern, Center-Western, and Northeastern states. In some states, the number of COVID-19 deaths was lower than that of excess deaths, whereas the opposite occurred in others. Moreover, excess deaths were higher in men aged 20 to 59, and in black, yellow, or indigenous individuals. Meanwhile, excess mortality was lower in women, in individuals aged 80 years or older, and in whites. Additionally, deaths among those aged 0 to 19 were 7.2% lower than expected, with reduction in mortality from respiratory diseases and external causes. There was also a drop in mortality due to external causes in men and in those aged 20 to 39 years. Moreover, reductions in deaths from CVD and neoplasms were noted in some states and groups. CONCLUSION There is evidence of underreporting of COVID-19 deaths and of the possible impact of restrictive measures in the reduction of deaths from external causes and respiratory diseases. The impacts of COVID-19 on mortality were heterogeneous among the states and groups, revealing that regional, demographic, socioeconomic, and racial differences expose individuals in distinct ways to the risk of death from both COVID-19 and other causes

Incompletude vacinal infantil de vacinas novas e antigas e fatores associados: coorte de nascimento BRISA, São Luís, Maranhão, Nordeste do Brasil

Neste estudo, foram estimados percentuais de incompletude vacinal e fatores associados ao esquema vacinal para novas vacinas (EVNV) e esquema vacinal para antigas vacinas (EVAV) em crianças de 13 a 35 meses de idade de uma coorte de nascimento em São Luís, Maranhão, Brasil. A amostra foi probabilística, com 3.076 crianças nascidas em 2010. Informações sobre vacinação foram obtidas da Caderneta de Saúde da Criança. As vacinas consideradas para o EVNV foram meningocócica C e pneumocócica 10 valente, e para EVAV, vacinas BCG, hepatite B, rotavírus humano, poliomielite, tetravalente (vacina difteria, tétano, coqueluche e Haemophilus influenzae b), febre amarela, tríplice viral (vacina sarampo, caxumba, rubéola). Empregou-se modelagem hierarquizada e regressão de Poisson com variância robusta. Estimaram-se razões de prevalência (RP) e intervalos de 95% de confiança (IC95%). Incompletude vacinal foi maior para EVNV (51,1%) em relação ao EVAV (33,2%). Crianças com 25 a 35 meses de idade (RP = 1,27; IC95%: 1,14-1,41) e pertencer às classes D/E (RP = 1,20; IC95%: 1,06-1,35) se associaram somente ao EVNV; enquanto baixa escolaridade materna (RP = 1,58; IC95%: 1,21-2,06), indisponibilidade de atendimento ambulatorial e/ou hospitalar para a criança (RP = 1,20; IC95%: 1,04-1,38) e de vacina nos serviços de saúde (RP = 1,28; IC95%: 1,12-1,46), apenas ao EVAV. Faz-se importante considerar, nas estratégias de vacinação, a vulnerabilidade de crianças com mais idade e pertencentes às classes D e E, especialmente quando novas vacinas são introduzidas, e ainda de filhos de mães que possuem baixa escolaridade. Assim como, quando há menor disponibilidade de serviços de saúde para a criança e de vacina