Waste management strategies to mitigate the effects of fluorinated greenhouse gases on climate change

Funding Information: Funding: This work was funded by FCT/MCTES (Portugal), project PTDC/EQU-EQU/29737/2017, and was supported by the Associate Laboratory for Green Chemistry—LAQV, which is financed by national funds from FCT/MCTES (UIDB/50006/2020) and by Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre—MARE, which is financed by national funds from FCT/MCTES (UIDB/04292/2020). Publisher Copyright: © 2021 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. Copyright: Copyright 2021 Elsevier B.V., All rights reserved.Fluorinated greenhouse gases (F-gases) are used for various applications, such as in refrigeration and air conditioning, as substitutes of the ozone-depleting substances. Their utilization has increased drastically over the last few decades, with serious consequences for global warming. The Kigali Amendment to the Montreal Protocol and several national and international legislations, such as the 2014 EU F-gas Regulation, aim to control the utilization and emissions of these gases. In the EU, the phase-down of hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) is underway, with successive reductions in quotas up to 2050. Under this scenario, efficient strategies for managing the produced and already existing F-gases are of vital importance to guarantee that their effect on the environment is mitigated. Up to now, most of the F-gases recovered from end-of-life equipment or when retrofitting systems are either released into the atmosphere or destroyed. However, in order to put forward a cost-efficient adaptation to the F-gas phase-down, increasing separation and recycling efforts must be made. This critical review aims at providing a revision of the current F-gas management problems and strategies and providing an overview on the innovative strategies that can be applied to contribute to build a sustainable market under circular economy principles.publishersversionpublishe

Rayas de agua dulce (Potamotrygonidae) de Suramérica. Parte II. Colombia, Brasil, Perú, Bolivia, Paraguay, Uruguay y Argentina

El libro es la continuación de una iniciativa de hace ya unos años (2012), donde varios países del área de distribución de la familia, decidieron unirse al ver como este recurso estaba disminuyendo o bien, era prácticamente desconocido. Este grupo tiene un gran impacto principalmente por su importancia como recurso pesquero ornamental, aunque también se usa como alimento, en la pesca deportiva y tiene incidencia en la salud pública. Para poder mitigar la posible sobreexplotación, surgió la necesidad de regular el comercio e intentar convertir la pesca ornamental de rayas en una actividad sostenible. Por ello, desde 2012 el IAvH junto a varios países propusieron la inclusión de varias especies al Apéndice III de Cites. Una de las limitantes de esta propuesta y por la cual no prosperó en su inicio, fue la falta de información sobre las especies.Bogotá, D. C