Population Diversity and Role in the Socioeconomic Development of Domestic Buffaloes of Rural Areas of District Haripur, KPK Pakistan

This study conducted as a type of survey in a time period duration of 6 month that starts from the end of the march to the end of September total of the 1000 houses were visited from each of the selected villages of Haripur Pakistan along with 100 dairy farms study carried out by the questionnaires and by the direct meeting with the keepers of buffalos. Four villages were selected where the highest population of buffaloes were found in Syria maira. The farm buffalos were kept mostly for the purpose of selling the milk Results showed that the most of the areas the buffalo keeping is for the purpose of selling the milk wile in other where the selling rate is not found they keep them for their own food and milk purposes. It facilitate their economic status to rise as a part time job. Government should take steps to rise there stander

Cross talk between serum Kisspeptin-Leptin during assisted reproduction techniques

Background & Objective: Leptin facilitates onset of puberty by impact on hypothalamic Kisspeptin, gonadotropin releasing hormone, follicle stimulating and luteinizing hormone. The link of peripheral Leptin-Kisspeptin in regulating the ovarian and endometrial tissue in relation to adiposity is unknown. Therefore, we wanted to identify Kisspeptin-Leptin association with body mass index (BMI) and success of assisted reproductive treatments (ART) in infertile females.Methods: A cross sectional study was carried from August 2014 till May 2016 after receiving ethical approval at Australian Concept Infertility Medical Centre, and Aga Khan University. The study group comprised of females with an age range of 25-37 year who had duration of unexplained infertility for more than two years. They were grouped as; underweight (/m2), normal weight (18-22.9 kg/m2), overweight 23-24.99 kg/m2 and obese (\u3e25 kg/m2). Kisspeptin and Leptin levels were measured by enzyme linked immune sorbent assay before down regulation of ovaries and initiation of treatment protocol of ART. Failure of procedure was detected by beta human chorionic gonadotropin \u3c25mIU/ml (non-pregnant) whereas females with levels \u3e25mIU/ml and cardiac activity on trans-vaginal scan were declared pregnant.Results: Highest Kisspeptin and Leptin levels were seen in normal weight group (374.80 ± 185.08ng/L; 12.78 ± 6.8 pg/ml) respectively, yet the highest number of clinical pregnancy was observed in overweight group (42%).A strong correlation of Kisspeptin with Leptin (r=0.794, p=0.001) was observed in the overweight females.Conclusion: Leptin-Kisspeptin-fertility link is expressed by maximum number of clinical pregnancies in the female group that showed strongest relationship between serum Leptin and Kisspeptin levels, irrespective of their BMI

Personalized Medicine; a Potential Therapy for Cystic Fibrosis

Cystic Fibrosis (CF) is an inherited disorder caused by mutations in CFTR gene that codes for Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane-conductance Receptor anion channel. It is an autosomal recessive disease which affects the cells that secrete sweat, mucous and digestive juice, making these fluids thick and sticky, thus plugging ducts and tubes of various organs. The CF mutations are classified into various classes (class I, II, III, IV, V and VI) based on the cellular phenotype and complexity of mutants. The knowledge and understanding of biology and mechanisms of defects that underlie Cystic fibrosis paved a way to the development of different therapeutic approaches for these mutation classes. Ivacaftor first CFTR potentiator (FDA approved in 2012) is mostly used for Class III and IV mutations. Trials in patients with homozygous F508del mutation, a most common type of CF mutation that involves protein processing defects, showed no improvement with Ivacaftor alone, therefore, a double-combination therapy involving potentiator-corrector i.e., Ivacaftor-Lumacaftor got approval in 2015 to treat patients homozygous for F508del mutation. Then Ivacaftor-Tezacaftor (corrector) combination therapy was approved in 2018 which showed improved tolerability as compared to lumacaftor. In 2019, Trikfta, a triple combination therapy, came into light. It increases CFTR activity and is substantially considered to work more effectively in patients homozygous for F508del mutation. Studies and clinical trials reveal the outperformance of Trikafta in other available therapies in terms of respiratory symptoms, lungs functionality and quality of life on a whole.Keywords: Cystic Fibrosis (CF); Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane Conductance regulator (CFTR); Ivacaftor; Lumacaftor; Tezacaftor; Trikafta    

A facile synthesis of nano-magnesia by ultrasonication assisted co-precipitation method for antibacterial activity

Magnesium oxide (MgO) nanoparticles found considerable interest from the researcher because of their versatile biocompatible properties and the plethora of applications including anticancer, antimicrobial, antidiabetic, drug delivery, and tissue engineering etc. The growing applications of the MgO nanoparticles necessitate exploring new synthesis routes with faster production rates. Method: In this study, MgO nanoparticles were synthesized by ultrasonication-assisted co-precipitation method and calcined at 800°. MgO nanoparticles were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and energydispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) analysis. XRD results showed that the particles have a body-centered cubic (BCC) structure with a crystallite size of about 19.07 nm. SEM results displayed the spherical morphology of MgO nanoparticles. The impurity elements were absent as determined through EDX analysis and showed the high purity of the synthesized MgO. These particles are tested for in-vitro biological applications. The antibacterial activity of MgO nanoparticles on different bacteria was determined by the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) test. MIC test revealed that antibacterial activity increases by increasing the concentration of MgO nanoparticles. The synthesized nano-MgO showed high purity and spherical morphology and characterization analysis revealed that nano-MgO and biocompatible and can be applied in biomedical applications as verified by their bacterial activity test

Recent Developments in Nano-Emulsions’ Preparatory Methods and their Applications: A Concise Review

Nano-emulsion is one of the most effective and size-controlled mediums for effective drug delivery systems, the formation of cosmetics products, food preservatives, and insecticidal and antimicrobial products. Therefore, a durable and sophisticated approach is primely important in preparing effective nano-emulsions. Some of the established fabrication approaches towards nano-emulsion are the high and low-energy methods. Depending upon the required results of formulations, these two methods are further divided into sub-categories such as ultra-sonicators, micro-fluidizers, high-pressure homogenizers, phase inversion temperature, phase inversion composition, etc. This review highlights all the available methods to form nano-emulsion by adopting high-energy and low-energy techniques. In addition, this review also elaborates on the importance of nano-emulsions in various end products, as nano-carriers and patents have also been awarded in this field. Besides, the required improvements in this field have been discussed briefly to establish the most authentic approach toward nano-emulsion formation

Risk Factors and Secondary Infections in Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever Patients

Background: Dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF) is a fatal manifestation of dengue disease. DHF’s risk factors profile holds significance importance in the clinical practice and efficient care plan are required during dengue disease flare-up. The aim of this study was to investigate the risk factors for pathogenesis of dengue disease and dengue hemorrhagic fever. Methods: In this descriptive cross-sectional study, data was obtained from 256 patients with diagnoses of Dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF). Comprehensive history, physical assessment and biochemical estimations were recorded. Patients were followed to identify and assess the risk factors for DHF. The Statistical Package of Social Sciences for analysis of data. Stratification of residence and socioeconomic status to see effect of these on result variable by applying chi square test. p value of <0.05 was taken as significant. Results: Among the 256 patients, the mean age of the age (Mean±SD) of study population was 28.4±12.1 years, 162 (63.28%) were less than 40 years of age and 94 (36.72%) were ≥40 years. The males were 181 (70.70%) and females were 75 (29.30%). The frequency of risk factors was observed to be 26 (10.8%) patients had Diabetes Mellitus, 55(21.5%) hypertension, 25(9.8%) hyperlipidemia. Secondary infection occurred in 192 (75%) but results were insignificant (p>0.05). All diseases were common in participants who belonged to the urban area. Conclusion: Secondary infection was most common risk factor in patients with DHF and found mostly in less than 40 age than older patients. Whereas, males were predominately affected more than the females (p<0.05). Keywords: Severe Dengue, Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever, Risk Factor

The Impact of COVID-19 on E-Learning: Context-Based Sentiment Analysis Discourse Using Text Mining

Finding the most dominant and pertinent user opinions on a certain topic is crucial to the sentiment analysis success factor. During the pandemic lockdowns around the world, the suspension of academic institutions leads to an exceptional increase in distance education. Academic institutions closed their campuses immediately to mitigate the effects of COVID-19 and prevent its pervasive spread, and educational activities were shifted to online platforms. The effectiveness of online education is a significant topic of interest for both students and their parents, especially in terms of how students and teachers perceive it and how technologically viable it is in a range of social circumstances. Before such a wide adoption of e-learning is possible, these issues must be analyzed from multiple perspectives. The present research aims to evaluate the efficacy of e-learning by examining individuals' perceptions of it. Opinions can be found on websites such as Instagram, Facebook, Twitter, etc. As social media has recently emerged as a significant means of communication. This study addresses factors connected to a significant change in the educational system. 200,000 tweets were gathered from Twitter to evaluate the opinions of Twitter users who were taking part in online learning. This study adopts VADER to analyze the subjectivity and polarity score of tweets, a topic model was also created using the LDA algorithm to determine the themes that were talked about on Twitter the most. The models have been constructed and evaluated using Word2Vec to capture the semantic relationships between words and LSTM and RNN sequential model for sentiment analysis. This study measured the efficiency of a sentiment analysis model using the accuracy metric, the conducted experiments reveal that the proposed hybrid model achieves an overall accuracy of 96.3%. The results also indicate a significant negative impact of the Covid-19 pandemic on individuals' emotions, with 64.4% of the analyzed tweets displaying negative sentiments. These findings provide valuable insights into the relationship between global events and individual emotions on social media platforms

Recent Advances in Applications of Acidophilic Fungi to Produce Chemicals

Processing of fossil fuels is the major environmental issue today. Biomass utilization for the production of chemicals presents an alternative to simple energy generation by burning. Lignocellulosic biomass (cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin) is abundant and has been used for variety of purposes. Among them, lignin polymer having phenyl-propanoid subunits linked together either through C-C bonds or ether linkages can produce chemicals. It can be depolymerized by fungi using their enzyme machinery (laccases and peroxidases). Both acetic acid and formic acid production by certain fungi contribute significantly to lignin depolymerization. Fungal natural organic acids production is thought to have many key roles in nature depending upon the type of fungi producing them. Biological conversion of lignocellulosic biomass is beneficial over physiochemical processes. Laccases, copper containing proteins oxidize a broad spectrum of inorganic as well as organic compounds but most specifically phenolic compounds by radical catalyzed mechanism. Similarly, lignin peroxidases (LiP), heme containing proteins perform a vital part in oxidizing a wide variety of aromatic compounds with H2O2. Lignin depolymerization yields value-added compounds, the important ones are aromatics and phenols as well as certain polymers like polyurethane and carbon fibers. Thus, this review will provide a concept that biological modifications of lignin using acidophilic fungi can generate certain value added and environmentally friendly chemicals

Phylogenetic association of Cyprinid (Schizothorax) inferred from complete mitochondrial genome

Whole mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) of S.esocinusand S. plagiostomus was found to be 16,591 and 16,564 bp respectively with 13 protein-coding genes, 2 rRNAs genes, 22 tRNA genes and 2 non-coding region. For valuing the phylogenetic relationship of a species on the basis of whole mitogenome are considered to be a great importance. In this study, we sequenced whole mitogenome of S.esocinusand S. plagiostomus and compared with the whole mitogenome sequences of members of other families (Balitoridae, Nemanchillidae and Cobatidae). The monophyly of the family Cyprinidae and a clade comprising Balitoridae and Nemanchillidae while Cobatidae with paraphyletic origin was strongly supported by the resultant phylogenies, recognized that Cyprinidae was closely related with the family Cobatidae than other ones. The results indicated that whole mitochondrial genome has a great importance in studying variation in genes and phylogenetic relationship in the subfamily Schizothoracinae. This data offering the molecular phylogenetic frame work of important Schizothorax species found in Swat