Report on the Standardization Project ``Formal Methods in Conformance Testing''

This paper presents the latest developments in the “Formal Methods in Conformance Testing” (FMCT) project of ISO and ITU–T. The project has been initiated to study the role of formal description techniques in the conformance testing process. The goal is to develop a standard that defines the meaning of conformance in the context of formal description techniques. We give an account of the current status of FMCT in the standardization process as well as an overview of the technical status of the proposed standard. Moreover, we indicate some of its strong and weak points, and we give some directions for future work on FMCT

Vortices, Instantons and Branes

The purpose of this paper is to describe a relationship between the moduli space of vortices and the moduli space of instantons. We study charge k vortices in U(N) Yang-Mills-Higgs theories and show that the moduli space is isomorphic to a special Lagrangian submanifold of the moduli space of k instantons in non-commutative U(N) Yang-Mills theories. This submanifold is the fixed point set of a U(1) action on the instanton moduli space which rotates the instantons in a plane. To derive this relationship, we present a D-brane construction in which the dynamics of vortices is described by the Higgs branch of a U(k) gauge theory with 4 supercharges which is a truncation of the familiar ADHM gauge theory. We further describe a moduli space construction for semi-local vortices, lumps in the CP(N) and Grassmannian sigma-models, and vortices on the non-commutative plane. We argue that this relationship between vortices and instantons underlies many of the quantitative similarities shared by quantum field theories in two and four dimensions.Comment: 32 Pages, 4 Figure

The new EC Regulation on nutrition and health claims on foods

The area of health claims has been unregulated in Europe until recently. A new regulation on nutrition and health claims made on foods came into force on 19 January 2007. The Regulation has been eagerly awaited by all parties involved. The Regulation includes 37 whereas clauses, 29 Articles and an annex for nutrition claims and conditions applying to them. In practice, three main types of health claim are included in the Regulation, as referred to in Articles 13 and 14. The type of the scientific evidence is described slightly differently for Article 13.1 and Article 13.5: “generally accepted scientific evidence” and “newly developed scientific evidence”, respectively, although the scientific status of evidence shall be the same for all kinds of claims. So far, there are four types of guidance for applying the Regulation. The wording of health claims is an essential issue in the Regulation, as well as the concept of nutrient profiles. In the Regulation there are three issues of special interest, when compared to the Swedish Food Sector's Code of Practice, i.e. concerns about “other substances”, “food supplements” and “the average consumer”. The Regulation will be evaluated in 2013, reporting the impact of this Regulation on dietary choices and the potential impact on obesity and non-communicable diseases

Summertime surface energy balance fluxes at two Beijing sites

Summertime (June to August 2015) radiative and turbulent heat fluxes were measured concurrently at two sites (urban and suburban) in Beijing. The urban site has slightly lower incoming and outgoing shortwave radiation, lower atmospheric transmissivity and a lower surface albedo compared to the suburban site. Both sites receive similar incoming longwave radiation. Although the suburban site had larger daytime outgoing longwave radiation (L_↑), differences in the daily mean L_↑ values are small, as the urban site has higher nocturnal L_↑. Overall, both the midday and daily mean net all-wave radiation (Q^*) for the two sites are nearly equal. However, there are significant differences between the sites in the surface energy partitioning. The urban site has smaller turbulent sensible heat (Q_H) (21-25% of Q^* (midday – daily)) and latent heat (Q_E) fluxes (21-45% of Q^*). Whereas, the suburban proportions of Q^* are Q_H 32-32% and Q_E 39-66%. The daily (midday) mean Bowen ratio (Q_H⁄Q_E ) was 0.56 and 0.49 (0.98 and 0.83) for the urban and suburban sites, respectively. These values are low compared to other urban and suburban areas with similar or larger fractions of vegetated cover. Likely these are caused by the widespread external water use for road cleaning/wetting, greenbelts, and air conditioners. Our suburban site has quite different land cover to most previous suburban studies as crop irrigation supplements rainfall. These results are important in enhancing our understanding of surface–atmosphere energy exchanges in Chinese cities, and can aid the development and evaluation of urban climate models and inform urban planning strategies in the context of rapid global urbanization and climate change

Boosted lopinavir vs boosted atazanavir in patients failing a NNRTI first line regimen in an urban clinic in Kampala.

INTRODUCTION: In 2011 Uganda recommended boosted atazanavir (ATV/r) as the preferred PI for second line due to once daily dosing, replacing aluvia (LPV/r) (1, 2). The evidence was based on the BMS O45 trial, of LPV/r vs ATV/r was performed in a high-income setting, on patients with prior PI use and resistance testing (2, 3). There are no RCTs or observational studies comparing use of ATV/r with LPV/r in patients failing NNRTI first line antiretroviral therapy in sub-Saharan Africa (3, 4). The Infectious Diseases Institute (IDI) has a large second line cohort (>1838). This aims to compare clinical, immunologic and virologic response of LPV/r versus ATV/r at IDI. METHODS: Retrospective cohort analysis on routinely collected data of patients switched to second line with NRTI backbones TDF/3TC or FTC, AZT/3TC, ABC/3TC from January 2009 to December 2013. Students T-tests and Chi-square tests were used in this analysis. RESULTS: A total of 1286 (73.5% female) patients were switched to LPV/r 991 (77%) and ATV/r 295 (23%) (p<0.001). NRTI backbones were 760 on TDF/3TC (66.8% LPV/r vs 33.2% on ATV/r), 504 on AZT/3TC (93.3% vs 6.7%), and 22 on ABC/3TC (59% vs 41%). Median (IQR) time on first line for LPV/r was 21 (1-44) months and for ATV/r was 41 months (22-68). Median CD4 (IQR) at switch to LPV/r was 181 cells/uL (66-424) and to ATV/r was 122 (57-238) (p≤0.001). A total of 366 patients had CD4 done at six months after switch and the mean (IQR) CD4 increase was 153 (54-241) for LPV/r versus 116 (52-171) for ATV/r (p=0.232). Additionally, 304 had a CD4 at 12 months and the means were 172 (45-272) for LPV/r vs 179 (60-271) for ATV/r (p=0.426). There was no significant difference in the mean increment by NRTI backbone or by stratifying to viral load (VL) at time of switch to VL <100,000 and ≥100,000. Median (IQR) VL at switch was 61,000 (13,000-2,030,000) LPV/r and 51,000 (14,000_151,000) ATV/r. 269 had a VL done in the first 12 months and 178/250 (71.2%) on LPV/r versus 16/19 (84.2%) on ATV/r were undetectable (p=0.228). 259 (26%) LPV/r versus 33(11%) ATV/r had ≥1 opportunistic infections on second line (p<0.001). CONCLUSIONS: This is an observational study based on our experience at IDI. Like elsewhere in Africa, there is no routine viral load testing, making it difficult to get sensitive analysis of data on ART efficacy within routine clinical practice. Nevertheless, this observational study is reassuring in terms of efficacy of both ATV/r and LPV/r for patients failing first line therapy in our setting

Just transitions for a Climate-Resilient Development in Africa – Transforming Dialogue into Action

CCDA-X1, hosted by the Government of Namibia, convened on the theme: “Just transitions for a Climate-Resilient Development in Africa – Transforming Dialogue into Action” in collaboration with Africa’s civil society organisations, academia, development partners, regional and international organisations and the private sector. The conference resulted in the following key messages to be taken forward to COP27 by Namibia