973 research outputs found
Spectral domain phase microscopy for local measurements of cytoskeletal rheology in single cells
We present spectral domain phase microscopy (SDPM) as a new tool for measurements at the cellular scale. SDPM is a functional extension of spectral domain optical coherence tomography that allows for the detection of cellular motions and dynamics with nanometer-scale sensitivity in real time. Our goal was to use SDPM to investigate the mechanical properties of the cytoskeleton of MCF-7 cells. Magnetic tweezers were designed to apply a vertical force to ligand-coated magnetic beads attached to integrin receptors on the cell surfaces. SDPM was used to resolve cell surface motions induced by the applied stresses. The cytoskeletal response to an applied force is shown for both normal cells and those with compromised actin networks due to treatment with Cytochalasin D. The cell response data were fit to several models for cytoskeletal rheology, including one- and two-exponential mechanical models, as well as a power law. Finally, we correlated displacement measurements to physical characteristics of individual cells to better compare properties across many cells, reducing the coefficient of variation of extracted model parameters by up to 50%
Electroweak baryogenesis induced by a scalar field
A cosmological pseudoscalar field coupled to hypercharge topological number
density can exponentially amplify hyperelectric and hypermagnetic fields while
coherently rolling or oscillating, leading to the formation of a time-dependent
condensate of topological number density. The topological condensate can be
converted, under certain conditions, into baryons in sufficient quantity to
explain the observed baryon asymmetry in the universe. The amplified
hypermagnetic field can perhaps sufficiently strengthen the electroweak phase
transition, and by doing so, save any pre-existing baryon number asymmetry from
extinction.Comment: 8 pages, 4 figure
The Quark-Hadron Phase Transition, QCD Lattice Calculations and Inhomogeneous Big-Bang Nucleosynthesis
We review recent lattice QCD results for the surface tension at the finite
temperature quark-hadron phase transition and discuss their implications on the
possible scale of inhomogeneities. In the quenched approximation the average
distance between nucleating centers is smaller than the diffusion length of a
protron, so that inhomogeneities are washed out by the time nucleosynthesis
sets in. Consequently the baryon density fluctuations formed by a QCD phase
transition in the early universe cannot significantly affect standard big-bang
nucleosynthesis calculations and certainly cannot allow baryons to close the
universe. At present lattice results are inconclusive when dynamical fermions
are included.Comment: 8 pages, LaTe
Cosmic string induced sheet like baryon inhomogeneities at quark-hadron transition
Cosmic strings moving through matter produce wakes where density is higher
than the background density. We investigate the effects of such wakes occurring
at the time of a first order quark-hadron transition in the early universe and
show that they can lead to separation of quark-gluon plasma phase in the wake
region, while the region outside the wake converts to the hadronic phase.
Moving interfaces then trap large baryon densities in sheet like regions which
can extend across the entire horizon. Typical separation between such sheets,
at formation, is of the order of a km. Regions of baryon inhomogeneity of this
nature, i.e. having a planar geometry, and separated by such large distance
scales, appear to be well suited for the recent models of inhomogeneous
nucleosynthesis to reconcile with the large baryon to photon ratio implied by
the recent measurements of the cosmic microwave background power spectrum.Comment: 8 pages, 3 figure
Solving a "Hard" Problem to Approximate an "Easy" One: Heuristics for Maximum Matchings and Maximum Traveling Salesman Problems
We consider geometric instances of the Maximum Weighted Matching Problem
(MWMP) and the Maximum Traveling Salesman Problem (MTSP) with up to 3,000,000
vertices. Making use of a geometric duality relationship between MWMP, MTSP,
and the Fermat-Weber-Problem (FWP), we develop a heuristic approach that yields
in near-linear time solutions as well as upper bounds. Using various
computational tools, we get solutions within considerably less than 1% of the
optimum.
An interesting feature of our approach is that, even though an FWP is hard to
compute in theory and Edmonds' algorithm for maximum weighted matching yields a
polynomial solution for the MWMP, the practical behavior is just the opposite,
and we can solve the FWP with high accuracy in order to find a good heuristic
solution for the MWMP.Comment: 20 pages, 14 figures, Latex, to appear in Journal of Experimental
Algorithms, 200
Peaks above the Harrison-Zel'dovich spectrum due to the Quark-Gluon to Hadron Transition
The quark-gluon to hadron transition affects the evolution of cosmological
perturbations. If the phase transition is first order, the sound speed vanishes
during the transition, and density perturbations fall freely. This distorts the
primordial Harrison-Zel'dovich spectrum of density fluctuations below the
Hubble scale at the transition. Peaks are produced, which grow at most linearly
in wavenumber, both for the hadron-photon-lepton fluid and for cold dark
matter. For cold dark matter which is kinetically decoupled well before the QCD
transition clumps of masses below are produced.Comment: Extended version, including evolution of density perturbations for a
bag model and for a lattice QCD fit (3 new figures). Spectrum for bag model
(old figure) is available in astro-ph/9611186. 9 pages RevTeX, uses epsf.sty,
3 PS figure
Baryon number segregation at the end of the cosmological quark-hadron transition
One of the most interesting questions regarding a possible first order
cosmological quark--hadron phase transition concerns the final fate of the
baryon number contained within the disconnected quark regions at the end of the
transition. We here present a detailed investigation of the hydrodynamical
evolution of an evaporating quark drop, using a multi-component fluid
description to follow the mechanisms of baryon number segregation. With this
approach, we are able to take account of the simultaneous effects of baryon
number flux suppression at the phase interface, entropy extraction by means of
particles having long mean-free-paths, and baryon number diffusion. A range of
computations has been performed to investigate the permitted parameter-space
and this has shown that significant baryon number concentrations, perhaps even
up to densities above that of nuclear matter, represent an inevitable outcome
within this scenario.Comment: 33 pages, Latex file, 6 postscript figures included in the text
(psfig.tex). To appear in Phys. Rev. D1
Finite temperature effects on cosmological baryon diffusion and inhomogeneous Big-Bang nucleosynthesis
We have studied finite temperature corrections to the baryon transport cross
sections and diffusion coefficients. These corrections are based upon the
recently computed renormalized electron mass and the modified state density due
to the background thermal bath in the early universe. It is found that the
optimum nucleosynthesis yields computed using our diffusion coefficients shift
to longer distance scales by a factor of about 3. We also find that the minimum
value of abundance decreases by while and
increase. Effects of these results on constraints from primordial
nucleosynthesis are discussed. In particular, we find that a large baryonic
contribution to the closure density (\Omega_b h_{50}^{2} \lsim 0.4) may be
allowed in inhomogeneous models corrected for finite temperature.Comment: 7 pages, 6 figures, submitted to Phys. Rev.
Relics of cosmological quark-hadron phase transition
We propose that the amplified density fluctuations by the vanishing sound
velocity effect during the cosmological quark-hadron phase transition lead to
quark-gluon plasma lumps decoupled from the expansion of the universe, which
may evolve to quark nuggets (QNs). Assuming power-law spectrum of density
fluctuations, we investigate the parameter ranges for the QNs to play the role
of baryonic dark matter and give inhomogeneities which could affect big-bang
nucleosynthesis within the observational bounds of CMBR anisotropy. The QNs can
give the strongest constraint ever found on the spectral index.Comment: REVTEX, 4 pages, 2 eps figure
Dynamical evolution of the Universe in the quark-hadron phase transition and possible nugget formation
We study the dynamics of first-order phase transition in the early Universe
when it was old with quarks and gluons condensing into hadrons.
We look at how the Universe evolved through the phase transition in small as
well as large super cooling scenario, specifically exploring the formation of
quark nuggets and their possible survival. The nucleation of the hadron phase
introduces new distance scales in the Universe, which we estimate along with
the hadron fraction, temperature, nucleation time etc. It is of interest to
explore whether there is a relic signature of this transition in the form of
quark nuggets which might be identified with the recently observed dark objects
in our galactic halo and account for the Dark Matter in the Universe at
present.Comment: LaTeX file with four postscript figure
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